MODELS OF CONSUMER
BEHAVIOUR
Generic Model of Consumer
Behaviour
Traditional Models Contemporary Models
Used to understand • The Howard Sheth
economic systems Model of buying
• The Economic Model behaviour
• Learning Model • The Nicosia Model
• Psychological Model • Engle, Blackwell and
• The Sociological Model Miniard (EBM) Model
• The Engle-Kollat-
Blackwell Model
• Rao Lilien Model
Economic Model:
This model assumes that with limited purchasing power and
a set of needs and tastes, a consumer will allocate his/ her
expenditure over different products at a given prices so as
to maximize utility.
Bases for Economic Model:
– Price Effect
– Substitution Effect
– Income Effect
Criticism:
• Fails to explain how does the consumer actually behave.
• Incompleteness in the Model.
• Lack of broader perspective.
Learning Model:
This model help marketers to promote association of products
with strong drivers and cues, which would lead to positive
reinforcement from the consumers.
In marketing context, ‘learning’ will help marketers to
understand how consumer learn to respond in new marketing
situations, or how they have learned and respond in the past in
similar situations. Consumers learn to link with response (S-R)
As Consumers also learn to discriminate and this information
will be useful in working out different marketing strategies.
Psychological / Psychoanalytical
Model:
This model based on the work of psychologists who were concerned with
personality. The view was human needs and motives operates on buying.
This theory was developed by Sigmund Frued. Acc. To him human behaviour
is the outcome of
– Id :- The id is responsible for primitive drives and urges. Operating on the
pleasure principle, the id avoids tension and seeks pleasure. It is also
referred to as the unconscious mind.
– Ego:- Ego is the conscious mind. It operates on the reality principle. The
ego develops from the id because there are limitations if the id operates in
the real world. As an internal drive and conscious, the ego is the executive
aspect of personality.
– Super Ego:- Super ego is the moral and ethical dimension of the human
psychic structure. It controls the basic desires of the id. The super ego can
interrupt the social system and influences the ego. The internal representation
of what is approved by society
This model is concerned with personality and says that human behaviour to
a great extent is directed by a complex set of deep seated motives.
Helps the marketer to know how buyers influenced by symbolic factors in
buying a product.
The Sociological Model:
As per this model, an individual buyer is a part of the
institution called society, gets influenced by it and in turn, also
influences it in its path of development.
The interactions with all the set of society leave some
impressions on him and may play a role in influencing his
buying behaviour.
The marketers, through a process of market segmentation can
work out on the common behaviour patterns of a specific class
and group of buyers and try to influence their buying pattern.
Contemporary Models
these models evolved as newer approaches to
understand what are influencing consumer behaviour
these models focused on the decision process
adopted by consumers and borrowed concepts from
behavioural sciences field.
The Howard Sheth Model of buying
behaviour
It attempts to throw light on the rational brand behaviour
shown by buyers when faced with situations involving
incomplete information and limited abilities.
The model refers to three levels of decision making:
• Extensive problem solving
• Limited problem solving
• Routinized response behaviour
The model has borrowed the learning theory concepts to
explain brand choice behaviour when learning takes places as
the buyer moves from extensive to routinized problem
solving behaviour.
Extensive Problem Solving
Early stage of
Decision
making
Buyer has little
information of
brands.
Buyer choice
criteria is not
yet defined.
Limited Problem Solving
Advanced stage
of decision
making
Choice criteria is
now defined.
Buyer undecided
about the best
brand.
Routinized response behaviour
Choice criteria are
well defined.
Strong
predisposition
towards one brand.
Little evaluation of
alternatives by the
buyer
The model makes significant contribution to
understand consumer behaviour by identifying
the variables which influence consumers.
Four components involved in the
model:
• Input variables
• Output variables
• Hypothetic constructs :- Perceptual constructs
and learning construct
• Exogenous variables
Input Variables
Input Variables: these variables acts as stimuli in the
environment.
Stimuli can be of Significative, Symbolic & Social
Significative stimuli are those actual elements of brands
which buyer confronts.
Symbolic stimuli are those which are used by marketers to
represent their products in a symbolic form such as in
advertisements. Verbal or visual characteristics
Social stimuli are generated by the social environment such
as family, friends, reference groups etc.
Output variables:
These are which buyer’s observable responses to stimulus
inputs. They appear in the sequence as below:
• Attention: Based on the importance of the buyer’s
information intake.
• Brand Comprehension: the store of information the
buyer has about the brand.
• Attitude: the buyer’s evaluation of the particular brand's
potential to satisfy his or her motives.
• Intention: the brand which the buyer intends to buy.
• Purchase behaviour: the act of actually purchasing,
which reflects the buyer’s predisposition to buy as
modified by any of the inhibitors.
Hypothetical Constructs:
The model proposes a number of intervening variables which
have been categorised into two major groups:
perceptual constructs deals with information processing
learning constructs deals with buyer’s formation of concepts.
Perceptual Constructs
• Pertains to the way the individual deals with the
information
How the consumer receives the information
How the consumer understands the information
• Sensitivity to information: the degree to which the buyer
regulates the stimulus information flow.
• Perceptual bias: refers to distorting or altering information
• Search for information: it involves actively seeking
information on the brands or their characteristics.
The buyer’s learning constructs can be defined as:
• Motives are general or specific goals impelling action.
• Brand potential of the evoked set refer to the buyer’s
perception on the ability of brands in his or her evoked
set to satisfy his or her goals.
• Decision mediators are based on the motives. The buyer
will have certain mental rules for matching and ranking
the purchase alternatives.
• Predisposition refers to a preference towards brand in the
evoked set which expresses an attitude towards them.
• Inhibitors refers to environmental forces like price and
time pressure which may inhibit or put restrain on the
purchase of a preferred brand.
• Satisfaction the extent to which, post actual purchase will
measure upto the buyer’s expectation of it.
Learning Constructs
Learning are the changes in an individual’s behaviour arising from experience.
The buyer’s learning constructs can be defined as:
• Motives are general or specific goals impelling action.
• Brand potential of the evoked set refer to the buyer’s perception on the
ability of brands in his pr her evoked set to satisfy his or her goals.
• Decision mediators are based on the motives. The buyer will have certain
mental rules for matching and ranking the purchase alternatives.
• Predisposition refers to a preference towards brand in the evoked set
which expresses an attitude towards them.
• Inhibitors refers to environmental forces like price and time pressure
which may inhibit or put restrain on the purchase of a preferred brand.
• Satisfaction the extent to which, post actual purchase will measure upto
the buyer’s expectation of it.
• Exogenous variables:
These are list of a number of external variables (external to the
buyer) which can significantly influence buyer decisions. But
these do not properly fall within howard sheth model
It includes
• Importance of purchase
• Personality variables
• Social Class
• Culture
• Organization
• Time Pressure
• Financial status
Limitations of the model:
• There is a absence of sharp distinctions between
exogenous variables and other variables.
• Some of the variables, which are not well defined,
and are difficult to measure too.
• The model is quite complex and not very easy to
comprehend.
The Nicosia Model
This model attempts to explain buying behaviour by establishing
a link between the organisation and its prospective customer. It
analyse human being as a system with stimuli as the input to the
system and the human behaviour as an output of the system.
The model suggests that message from the first influences the
predisposition of the consumer towards the product or services.
Based on the situation, the consumer will have a certain attitude
towards the product. This may result in a search for the product
or an evaluation of the product attributes by the consumer.
If the customer satisfies with above it may result in a positive
response, with a decision to buy the product otherwise the
reverse may occur.
The Nicosia Model explains in 4 basic areas:
Field 1:- the consumer attribute and the firm’s attributes. The
advt. message sent from the company will reach the consumer
attributes.
Field 2:- it is related to the search and evaluation, undertaken by
the consumer, of the advertised product and also to verify if
other alternatives are variable.
Field 3:- it explains how the consumer actually buys the product.
Field 4:- it is related to the uses of the purchased items. It can
also be related to an output to receive feedback on sales results
by organisation.
The Nicosia Model
Limitations:
• The flow is not completed and does not mention the various
factors internal to the consumer.
• The assumption about the consumer being involved in the
decision process with no predisposition about the various
brands is restricting.
• Overlapping between firm’s attributes and consumers
attributes.
The Engel – Kollat – Blackwell (EKB)
Model:
• This model talks of consumer behaviour as a decision
making process in the form of five steps (activities) and
other related variables which occur over a period of time.
• 5 steps involved in the decision process stages:
– Problem Recognition
– Information Search
– Alternative Evaluation
– Choice
– Outcome
• Other related Variables grouped into 5
categories included in this model:
– Information input
– Information processing
– Product – brand evaluation
– General motivating influences
– Internationalised environment influences
About the model
• The model has emphasised on the conscious decision
making process adopted by a consumer.
• The model is easy to understand and is flexible.
• This model recognises that a consumer may not go
through all the steps always. This is because in case of
repeat purchases the consumer may bypass some of the
steps.
• One limitation, the inclusion of environmental variables
and general motivating influences but not specifying the
effect of these on the buyer behaviour.
Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (EBM)
•
Model:
It shares certain things with Howard-Sheth model.
• The core of the EBM model is a decision process which is
augmented with inputs from information processing and
other influencing factors.
Four sections of the Model:
• Input
• Information Processing
• Decision process and
• Variables influencing decision process.
• The EBM Model when compared to the Howard-seth
model is more coherent and flexible than the latter.
• This model also includes human processes like
memory, information processing and considers both
the positive and negative purchase out comes.
Decision Variables
Input Information Process influencing the
Processing decision process
Rao Lilien Model
• Notes
Consumerism
IMC and CB
Notes
