03-09-2019 Organs of Speech 1
Description
-Organs of speech are described under three systems:
1. Respiratory System
2.The Phonatory System
3. The Articulatory System
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Organs of Respiratory System
1.The Lungs
2.The Muscles of the Chest & 3. The Windpipe
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The Lungs
– Perform the action of breathing or respiration.
( Exhalation – Inhalation )
– The lungs provide the source of energy for our vocal
activity by this airstream.
– The airstream mechanism is called pulmonic egressive
airstream.
- Pulmonic means lungs.
- Egressive airstream means that the airstream goes out
of the lungs.
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The Muscles of the Chest
The lungs perform respiration under the function of the
muscles of the chest.
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The Windpipe (Trachea)
The air passes through the windpipe.
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The Phonatory System
Before the airstream goes out of the mouth , it
undergoes several modifications:
1- The Larynx
2- The Vocal Cords
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The Larynx
It’s a bony box-like structure in the front part of the
throat and the upper part of trachea. It’s known as
“Adam’s Apple” too.
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The Vocal Cords
-Vocal cords are a pair of lip-like structure inside the
Larynx.
-These cords are placed horizontally from front to the
back , joined at the front and separated at the back.
-Therefore they can have a large number of positions.
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Important positions of Vocal Cords
1- Vocal Cords Drawn Wide Apart
- This is The Normal Position of vocal cords
- during breathing.
- The air stream can pass freely without setting the vocal
cords into Vibration and produces Voiceless Sounds.
E. g.- Cat- fat- chat – top- sheet- seat
- A wide opening is between the vocal cords is called
Glottis.
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Contd.
2- Vocal Cords Held Loosely Together
- The airstream set the vocal cords into vibration
and we hear a “ HHHUUUMMM “ sound .
- The sounds that set the vocal cords into Vibration
are voiced sounds.
E.g.- All vowels- red- men-dead-bed-let-nest-
then-jump-zoo-yellow- well
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Contd.
3- Vocal Cords Held Tightly Together:
- Glottis is closed and no air can escape through it.
- Vocal cords are closed and the airstream is stopped
completely for a short period of time . suddenly
the vocal cords drawn apart and produce explosive
sound that is called glottal stop like a mid cough.
E.g.-lip, shut, sick
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The Articulatory System
- After Larynx, the airstream passes
through other 9 organs of speech
that lie above the larynx.
1 – The Lips 2- The Teeth
3- The Alveolar ridge 4-The hard palate
5- The Soft Palate 6- The Uvula
7- The tongue 8- The Pharynx
9- The glottis
- These Organs of speech make the articulatory system together.
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Active and Passive Articulators
- Active articulators are those organs of speech that move
from their position of rest to articulate against other organs
of speech that do not or can not move which are called
passive articulators.
E.g.- In producing t, d, n, s the tip and blade of the tongue
move from their position to the Alveolar ridge. So, the tip
and blade of the tongue are active articulators and the
alveolar ridge is the passive one.
- The active articulators are mostly located in the lower jaw
and the passive articulators are mostly in the upper jaw.
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The Lips
The upper and lower lips have important role in
producing certain speech sounds especially in
producing vowels .
Movements:
1- Closing the lips and then releasing the closure
abruptly ,e.g.- put , boot
2- closing the lips and making nasal consonant, e.g.-
men
3- protrude and rounded, e. g .-boot
4- spread, e.g.- beads
5- neutral – not spread not rounded, e.g.- about
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The Teeth
Certain consonants are produced with the help of the
teeth.
Movements:
-Putting the tongue in between the front teeth which
are called interdental fricatives. E.g.- think, that
- Pressing the lower lip with the upper front teeth
which are called labiodental fricatives. E.g.- fan,
van
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The Alveolar Ridge
It’s located just behind the upper front teeth and
consonantal sounds like t, d, n, l, s, z are produced
here.
Movements:
- Tongue tip or blade touches the alveolar ridge. E.g.- l, n
- making a complete closure by the tip of the tongue and
the alveolar ridge, followed by a sudden release of the
closure . E.g.- t, d
- Narrowing the passage of the air at the alveolar ridge
and forcing the air out through this passage
- E.g.- s, z
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The Hard Palate
The hard bony surface of the roof of the mouth,
immediately after alveolar ridge. It’s not moveable.
Movement:
The front part of the tongue moves toward the hard
palate.
E.g.- yes
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The Soft Palate or Velum
The soft and moveable part of
the roof of the mouth, immediately
after the hard palate.
Movements:
- Velum dropped down and the back of the tongue
makes a closure with velum which is called Velar closure.
E.g.- king
Velum raises itself and make a closure with the Back
wall of the pharynx which is called velic closure.
E.g.-go
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The Uvula
It’s a small fleshy pendent structure at the very end of
the soft palate.
Movement:
The back of the tongue articulates with uvula and
produce q- sound in Persian words E.g.- قوري- قند
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The tongue
-It’s the most important single organ of speech.
- In many languages the word TONGUE means
Language too.
-It’s flexible and can makes a large number of gestures
to produce speech sounds.
- It has different parts:
1- tip 2- blade 3– front 4– center
5– back 6-dorsom 7– apex 8- rims
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Different parts of the tongue
1- The Tip: When the tongue is the state of the rest , it’s the part
that is laying behind the lower front teeth.
2- The Blade: It ‘s laying the opposite side of the alveolar ridge.
3- The Front: It faces the hard palate.
4- The Back: It’s on the opposite side of the soft palate.
5- The Center: Here the back and the front part of the tongue
meet each other. Half of it faces in hard palate and half of it
faces in soft palate.
6- The Dorsum: It’s the whole upper part of the tongue.
7- The Apex: It’s the tip, blade ridge of the tongue.
8- The Rims: They are the edges of the tongue.
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Movements Of The Tongue
Any parts of the tongue can move and produce speech sounds
- The tip and the blade make a contact with the alveolar ridge:
E.g.- ten, do, noon
- The front of the tongue may be raised toward the hard palate:
E.g.-yet, unit, sea
- The back of the tongue makes a contact with the soft palate:
E.g.- Kill, girl
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8- The Pharynx
It’s like a tube just above the Larynx and before Uvula. It’s top is divided
in 2 parts: One part goes to oral cavity and another goes to nasal
cavity.
Movements:
The cavity of Pharynx which is called Pharyngeal cavity can be
modified by:
1- the contraction and expansion of the muscles of the pharynx.
2- The movement of the back of the tongue.
3- The position of the soft palate.
4- Raising or lowering of the larynx.
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The Glottis
It’s the space between the Vocal Cords.
Movement:
With a rapid closing the opening of the glottis, the air
stream traps behind it then with a sudden release of
the air makes glottal stop sounds.
E.g.-matter, butter
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Oral and Nasal Cavities
The air is pushed by the lungs and travels through the
mouth which is called oral cavity or through the nose
which is called nasal cavity.
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State Of The Soft Palate
E.g.-sing, seen E.g.-been
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