LET’S WARM UP
Copy the guide questions below:
1. What is the video all about?
2. What will happen when you copy somebody
else’s work without permission?
3. What is the best thing that you can do when you
want to use somebody else’s work? 1
LET’S WARM UP
What is the importance of citing
sources in academic writing?
2
CITING SOURCES
1
PURPOSE OF
CITING SOURCES
4
CITING SOURCES IN ACADEMIC WRITING IS
ESSENTIAL FOR THREE REASONS:
▰ to give credit to the original author of a work
and avoid pIagiarism
▰ to promote scholarly writing
▰ to help target readers identify the original
sources 5
Purpose of Citation: To give credit to the original
author of the work
▰ Plagiarism is a serious offense in which
someone takes and uses the ideas,
information, concepts, arguments, or
information of someone else, intentionally
or unintentionally, without proper citation.
6
Purpose of Citation: To give credit to the original
author of the work
Various forms of plagiarism:
▰ not following the conventions for referencing and
acknowledging sources
▰ changing the words used into synonyms or copying
the exact sentence structure of a source without
giving credit
▰ copying many words or ideas from a
source without attribution 7
Purpose of Citation: To give credit to the original
author of the work
Various forms of plagiarism:
▰ paraphrasing another person’s work with minor
changes, but keeping the meaning, form and/or
progression of ideas of the original citation
▰ piecing together sections of the work of others
into a new whole and claiming it as your own
8
Purpose of Citation: To promote scholarly writing
▰ Scholarly writing means that you are able
to exhaustively use related and existing
ideas, information, concepts or arguments
of an expert and to properly attribute
these to the original source.
9
Purpose of Citation: To help your target audience
identify your original source
▰ Your target audience want to
either verify information or learn
more about the information from
the original source.
10
REMINDER:
Citing sources means borrowing from the following:
▰ concepts ▰ designs
▰ figures ▰ computer programs
▰ images ▰ sounds
▰ research results
▰ statistical tables 11
“ Give credit to
where credit is
due.
12
2
FORMS OF
CITATION 13
TWO FORMS OF
CITATIONS:
▰ In-text citation (within)
▰ Reference citation (end)
14
TWO FORMS OF CITATIONS
15
Forms of Citation: In-text citation
▰ In-text citation requires the writer to
cite the details of the reference used
in a certain part of his/her essay.
The formats of in-text citations vary
per style.
16
Forms of Citation: In-text citation
Example (APA style)
Two of three reviewed studies focusing on
communication in non-Internet and Internet
relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email
modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s
use was significantly linked to the strength of the
particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002).
17
Forms of Citation: Reference citation
▰ Reference citation refers to the
complete bibliographic entries of all
references used by the writer. This
appears in the reference list found
at the last part of the paper.
18
Forms of Citation: Reference citation
Example (APA style)
References
Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Krant R. (2002). The quality of
online social relationships. Communications of the
ACM, 45 (7), 103-108.
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning (2nd ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19
Forms of Citation: In-text and Reference citation
REMEMBER:
The two forms of citations (In-text and Reference) are
dependent on each other. Once a source is cited in-
text, it should also appear in the reference list or else
it may be considered as a form of plagiarism.
20
Style Guide/Manual
Rules of style and structure
A set of standards for design and
writing of documents, either for general
use or for a specific publication or
organization, including standards on
typography, grammar, or punctuation.
21
Widely used Style Guides
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association
(APA)
The Modern Language Association Style Guide
(MLA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
The Chicago Manual of Style 22
Widely used Style Guides
Style Guide Discipline
Psychology, education, hotel and restaurant
APA management, business, economics, and other social
sciences
MLA Literature, arts, and humanities
IEEE Engineering
AMA Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences
Chicago Reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g.,
newspapers, magazines, journals, among others) 23
GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATION
24
In-text Citation: APA
Style Discipline
Guide
Psychology, education, hotel and
APA restaurant management, business,
economics, and other social sciences
25
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is
required for business student majors.
Author-named in text
APA style is applied in the social sciences
(Sipacio, 2014).
Author-not named in text 26
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
▰ Follows the author-(latest) year of publication
method.
▰ Place the period after the citation when it is at the
end of the sentence.
▰ Indicate page numbers if it is directly quoted from a
passage (preceded by “p.” or “pp.”).
27
According to Sipacio (2014), “APA style is
required for business student majors” (p.25).
According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is
required for business student majors.
APA style is applied in the social sciences
(Sipacio, 2014). 28
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
For a work with only one author
According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is
required for business student majors.
APA style is applied in the social sciences
(Sipacio, 2014).
29
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
For two authors (note the use of “&”)
According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA
style is required for business student majors.
APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014).
30
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
For three to five authors
1. Name all three (1st citation)
2. Primary Author followed by ‘et al’ (subsequent
citations)
31
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
For three to five authors (First citation)
According to Sipacio, Barrot, and Sanchez (2014),
APA style is required for business student majors.
APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio, Barrot, & Sanchez, 2014).
32
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
For three to five authors (Subsequent citation)
Sipacio et al. states that APA style is required for
business student majors (2014).
APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio et al., 2014).
33
Let’s Try
Information: The TV and Internet media pose
the greatest challenge in the emotional
development with both parents working.
Author: Mark Santos
Year of Publication: 2006
Page number of reference: 55-56 34
Let’s Try
Information: Behavioral problems may have
biochemical causes.
Authors: Mark Santos and Justin Rivera
Year of Publication: 2006
Page number of reference: 48-49
35
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
▰ Usage of a direct quote with less than 40 words
▻ include page number(s) enclosed in a
parenthesis, and it must be preceded by ‘p.’ or
‘pp.’ for multiple pages
36
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
▰ Usage of direct quote with less than 40 words
Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the
APA style guide too complex” (p.56).
37
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income,
Assets, and Access”. Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of
causes of poverty.
(1) low to moderate economic growth for the
past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of poverty
reduction; (3) failure to fully develop the agriculture
sector; (4) high inflation during crisis periods; and,
(5) high levels of population growth. (p.2)
38
Guidelines in In-text Citation (APA)
▰ Usage of a direct quote with more than 40 words
▻ include page number(s) enclosed in a parenthesis
▻ Start the quotation in a new line with a ½
indentation on the left margin
▻ No need to enclose it in quotation marks, the page
must be placed
39
In-text Citation: MLA
Style Guide Discipline
MLA Literature, arts, and
humanities
40
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for
Humanities student majors (54).
MLA style is required for Humanities student
majors (Sipacio 54).
41
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
▰ It follows the author-page method.
▰ The first author mentioned in the in-text
citation is the first entry in the Works Cited
page.
42
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
▰ The page number should always be in the
parenthetical citation and not in the sentence.
▰ No comma is used in the in-text citation.
43
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
For a single author of a print source
Sipacio claimed that MLA style is required for
Humanities student majors (54).
MLA style is required for Humanities student
majors (Sipacio 54). 44
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
For three or fewer authors
1. Sipacio and Barrot claimed that MLA style
is required for Humanities student major (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humaninities
student majors (Sipacio and Barrot 54). 45
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
For three or fewer authors
3. Bautista, Castillo, and Sy state that a
citation guide is useful when writing (54).
4. A citation guide is useful when writing
(Bautista, Castillo, and Sy 54). 46
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
For more than three authors
1. Sipacio et al. claimed that MLA style is
required for Humanities student majors (54).
2. MLA style is required for Humanities
student majors (Sipacio et al. 54) 47
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
For more than three authors
3. Sipacio, Miranda, Gracia, and Enriquez
claimed that MLA style is required for
Humanities student majors.
48
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
No author
MLA style is one of the many citation styles
students can use (“Citation Styles” 64).
Keys for Writers : Citation Styles
▰ Use shortened title of the work enclosed in
quotation marks 49
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is
a mark of discipline” (56).
2. Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a
style is a mark of discipline” (Miranda 56)? 50
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is
a mark of discipline” (56).
▰ Use double quotation marks to enclose direct
quotes not exceeding four lines.
51
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is
a mark of discipline” (56).
▰ Use double quotation marks to enclose direct
quotes not exceeding four lines.
52
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
1. Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is
a mark of discipline” (56).
▰ In the parenthetical citation, give the
author’s last name and the page number.
53
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
▰ All punctuations which are a part of the
quoted text must be placed inside the
quotation marks, but if the punctuations
are part of your own text, place them
outside.
54
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
Direct Quotations
Miranda claimed that “adhering to a style is a
mark of discipline” (56).
Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a style
is a mark of discipline” (Miranda 56)? 55
Guidelines in In-text Citation (MLA)
A source quoting another text
Mallari claimed that “the level of complexity
differs according to each person” (qtd. in
Sipacio 56) because of several factors.
▰ If your source quotes another text, use “qtd.
in” (which stands for as “quoted in”).
56
A quotation that exceeds four lines (MLA)
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income,
Assets, and Access”. Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of
causes of poverty.
(1) low to moderate economic growth for
the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of
poverty reduction; (3) failure to fully develop the
agriculture sector; (4) high inflation during crisis
periods; and, (5) high levels of population growth.
(p.2) 57
A quotation that exceeds four lines (MLA)
▰ start in a new line
▰ no need to enclose the whole text in double quotation
marks
▰ indent the block of text 1” from the left, double
spacing
▰ parenthetical citation should come after the closing
punctuation mark of the quoted text 58
In-text Citation: IEEE
Style Discipline
Guide
IEEE Engineering
59
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
There are reasons why it has been claimed that
using an IEEE formatting style is complex [1].
▰ There is no need to name the author, page
number, or date of publication.
▰ References are numbered according to the order
in which they were cited in the text [in brackets].
60
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
(Paragraph 2) Sipacio claimed that IEEE style is
complex [1].
There are reasons why it has been
(Paragraph 5) claimed that using on IEEE
formatting style is complex [1].
When a reference which was cited earlier is used
again in the latter parts of the text, the same
reference number will be used. 61
Guidelines in In-text Citation (IEEE)
The IEEE formatting style is complex [1].
▰ The reference number has to correspond to the
full bibliographic details of the text in the reference
list of your paper.
[1] B. Sipacio, Citation for Engineering.
Chicago : Skyward Publishing, 2010. 62
In-text Citation: IEEE
Style Discipline
Guide
AMA medicine, health science and
other natural sciences
63
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
AMA style is required for Health Science majors. 1
▰ There is no need to name the author, page
number, or date of publication.
▰ The number reference is placed in superscript
after the sentence.
64
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
1
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
The number reference is placed in superscript
after the sentence.
1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for Natural Sciences.
Chicago : Skyward Publishing, 2010.
65
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
1
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.
The reference number has to correspond to
the full bibliographic details of the text in the
reference list of your paper.
1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for Natural Sciences.
Chicago : Skyward Publishing, 2010. 66
Guidelines in In-text Citation (AMA)
AMA style is required for Health Science majors.1,2
When two articles or two different authors are
cited, use a comma to separate the reference
numbers.
67
