Chapter 1
Organization Development
and Reinventing the
Organization
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
Slide 1
Pages not included (9-11) The evolution of
OD ,)
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Challenges for Organizations
Change avalanching down on us.
Tomorrow’s world different from today’s.
Organizations need to adapt to change.
Organizations in continuous interaction with
external forces.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Figure 1.1
The Organizational Environment
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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What Is OD?
Long-range efforts and programs aimed at
improving an organization’s ability to survive
by changing problem-solving and renewal
processes.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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OD Is:
Planned.
Organization wide.
Managed from top.
Increases organization effectiveness.
Planned interventions.
Uses behavioral science knowledge.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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The Characteristics of OD
Planned change.
Collaborative approach.
Improve performance.
Humanistic values.
Systems approach.
Scientific approaches.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Table 1.1
Major Characteristics of the Field of OD
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Why OD?
Most cited reasons for beginning change
program:
The level of competition.
Survival.
Improved performance.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Primary Goals of
Change Programs
Increase productivity.
Increase responsiveness.
Improve competitive position.
Increase employee involvement.
Increase employee morale.
Develop new managerial skills.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Factors Leading to
Emergence of OD
Need for new organizational forms.
Focus on cultural change.
Increase in social awareness.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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The Only Constant Is Change
Today's managers need new mind-set.
Flexibility.
Speed.
Innovation.
Constantly changing conditions.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Successful Firms
Share These Traits
Faster.
Quality conscious/aware.
Employee involvement.
Customer oriented.
Smaller.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Figure 1.2
Changing Organization of Twenty-First Century
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Who Does OD? (part 1 of 3)
OD practitioners consist of specialists and those
applying OD in daily work:
Professionals and specialists trained in OD.
Managers and leaders applying OD.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Who Does OD? (part 2 of 3)
OD specialists:
• Internal practitioners – from within
organization.
• External practitioners – from outside
organization.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Who Does OD? (part 3 of 3)
Activities include:
Team leaders developing teams.
Building learning organizations.
Implementing total quality management.
Creating boundaryless organizations.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Organization Culture
A system of shared meanings including:
Dress. Feelings.
Patterns of behavior. Attitudes.
Language. Interactions.
Value system. Group norms.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Norms (part 1 of 2)
Organized and shared ideas of what members
should do and feel.
How behavior is regulated.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Norms (part 2 of 2)
Pivotal norms - essential to accomplishing
organization’s objectives.
Peripheral norms - support and contribute to
pivotal norms but not essential to
organization’s objectives.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Socialization Process
Process that adapts employees to culture.
New employees become aware of norms.
Employees encounter culture.
Individuals understand power, status, rewards,
and sanctions.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Figure 1.3
The Socialization Process
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Adjustment to Cultural Norms and
Socialization Occurs in 3 Ways
1. Rebellion - rejection of all values and norms.
2. Conformity - acceptance of all values and
norms.
3. Creative individualism - acceptance only of
pivotal values; rejection of others.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Figure 1.4
Basic Responses to Socialization
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Psychological Contract
Unwritten agreement between individuals and
organization.
Open-ended so issues may be renegotiated.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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A Model for Change
OD is continuing process with emphasis on
viewing organization as total system of
interacting and interrelated elements.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Figure 1.5
Organization Development’s Five Stages
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Five-stage Model for OD Process
(part 1 of 5)
Stage one: Anticipating need for change.
• Someone recognizes need for change.
• There must be felt need for change.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Five-stage Model for OD Process
(part 2 of 5)
Stage two: Developing practitioner-client
relationship.
• OD practitioner enters system.
• Good first impressions and match
important.
• Practitioner establishes trust, open
communication, shared responsibility.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Five-stage Model for OD Process
(part 3 of 5)
Stage three: The diagnostic phase.
• Practitioner and client gather data about
system.
• Objective is to understand client’s
problems, identify forces causing situation,
and select change strategies.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Five-stage Model for OD Process
(part 4 of 5)
Stage four: Action plans, strategies, and
techniques.
• Series of interventions, activities, or
programs aimed at increasing
effectiveness.
• Programs apply OD techniques.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Five-stage Model for OD Process
(part 5 of 5)
Stage five: Self-renewal, monitor, and stabilize.
• As OD program stabilizes, need for
practitioner decreases.
• Monitor results.
• Stabilize change.
• Gradual disengagement of OD practitioner.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Key Words and Concepts
Action research model - collecting
information, feeding back to client, developing
and implementing action programs.
Change leader - person responsible for
change.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Client - person or organization that is being
assisted.
Creative individualism - questioning of
peripheral norms, accepting of pivotal norms.
External practitioner - person from outside
organization who serves as resource for
change.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Internal practitioner - internal resource for
change.
Norms - organized and shared ideas
regarding what members should do and feel,
how behavior should be regulated, and what
sanctions should be applied.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Organization culture - system of shared
meanings, including language, dress, values,
norms of organization.
Organization development - planned strategy
to bring about change.
OD practitioner - people using, advocating,
and assisting others to implement OD.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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OD specialist - professional who has
specialized and trained in OD and related
areas.
Peripheral norms - support and contribute to
pivotal norms but not essential to
organization's objectives.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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Pivotal norms - essential to organization's
objectives.
Psychological contract - expectations
between individual and organization.
Socialization - process of individual adjusting
to organization's culture.
An Experiential Approach to Organization Development 7th edition Chapter 1
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