REGIONAL REMOTE
SENSING SERVICE CENTRE
&
INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH
ORGANISATION
Remote sensing is broadly defined as science and
art of collecting information about objects, area or
phenomena from a distance without
being in physical contact with them.
Active remote sensing – it uses its own source of
EM energy which is directed towards the object
and return energy is measured.
Passive remote sensing – it uses sun as a source of
EM energy and records the energy that is naturally
radiated or reflected from the objects.
•Application of remote sensing:
•Agriculture
•Land use & land cover
•Geology & geomorphology
•Land degradation studies, salt affected
area, erosion
•Soil conservation planning
•Water resources
•Forest & Vegetation mapping
•Urban planning
•Monitoring & change detection
PROJECT
ON
“3G & FUTURE MOBILE
TECHNOLOGIES ”
•Security:
3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G predecessors.
The security architecture in 3G networks is much better and they are
relatively more difficult to break into than 802.11x networks. for a
hacker/intruder to cause any intentional attacks s/he must have
access to highly sophisticated devices.
The data encryption technique in 3G technology is highly advanced
and very difficult to break into. The TD-CDMA standard used by one
company involved the use of both CDMA and TDMA multiple
access techniques, thereby providing a greatly increased level of
security, which is very difficult for any hacker/intruder to bypass
because in addition to needing to access highly sophisticated
equipment, the hacker/intruder also has to know how the data is
encrypted and the time intervals between the successive bits of en
crypted data that is transmitted.
Problems with 3G security:
•IMSI is sent in clear text when allocating TMSI to
the user
•The transmission of IMEI is not protected; IMEI is
not a security feature
•A user can be enticed to camp on a false BS. Once
the user camps on the radio channels of a false BS,
the user is out of reach of the paging signals of SN
•Hijacking outgoing/incoming calls in networks with
disabled encryption is possible.
•3G applications:
•Mobile Telephony - building on 2.5G GSM / GPRS support in previous
versions, it includes support for multimode and 3G mobile phones,
enabling manufacturers to bring out Symbian OS phones worldwide,
across all networks, with the ability to reuse their application side
software.
•Mobile Messaging - building on comprehensive integrated messaging
environment, it includes EMS and MMS, providing key revenue
generating services for network operators.
•Mobile Networking - building on existing networking capabilities, it
includes both IPv6 and also IPSEC technologies, extending the abilities
of mobile phones to communicate securely with each other on a peer to
peer basis.
•Mobile TV - It is television service delivered
to subscribers via mobile telecommunications
networks, such as the mobile phone carriers.
•Cellular broadband -Third generation mobile
telephony protocols support higher data rates,
measured in kbps or Mbps; using technologies
such as EVDO, HSDPA and UMTS.
•.
•Mobile banking - It is a term used for performing
balance checks, account transactions, payments
etc. via a mobile device. The proliferation of the
3G will develop more sophisticated services such
as multimedia and links to m-commerce services.
•3G in India:
Airtel and Vodafone
From August 2008, the Apple iPhone 3G is available in India on Airtel and Vodafone. Apple
iPhone 3G combines all the revolutionary features of iPhone with 3G networking that is
twice as fast as the first generation iPhone, built-in GPS for expanded location based
mobile services, and iPhone 2.0 software which includes support for Microsoft Exchange
ActiveSync and runs the hundreds of third party applications already built with the iPhone
SDK.
MTNL 3G 'Jadoo'
In December, 2008 the state-owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd (MTNL) announced
the 3G mobile services, ‘Jadoo’, currently available to select high-end users of MTNL mobile
services in Delhi and Mumbai. The service will provide an array of choices to its subscriber’s
high-speed internet on mobile, video-calling, video surveillance and live TV. MTNL will have
the first-mover advantage in the 3G space in Delhi and Mumbai.
BSNL: Chennai Gets 3G
After MTNL's Jadoo in Delhi and Mumbai, BSNL has launched 3G services in Chennai in
February, 2009. The city will now be able to experience the magic of faster internet on
mobile phones. By month end, almost 12 cities in India will get a taste of 3G mobile
telephony from BSNL.
•4G: future of 3G
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation,
is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless
communications. A 4G system will be a complete replacement for
current networks and be able to provide a comprehensive and secure IP
solution where voice, data, and streamed multimedia can be given to
users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at much higher data rates
than previous generations.
4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and
rate requirements set by forthcoming applications like wireless
broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat,
mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal
service like voice and data, and other streaming services for "anytime-
anywhere".
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the
4G wireless communication standard:
•A spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site),
•High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell,
•A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at
high speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station
are in relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R,
•A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world,
•Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks,
•Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks,
•High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real
time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc)
•Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and
•An all IP, packet switched network.
•4G features:
According to the 4G working groups, the infrastructure and the terminals
of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented.
Although legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users, the
infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-IP). Some proposals
suggest having an open internet platform. Technologies considered to be
early 4G include Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax
(also known as WiBro in South Korea), and HC-SDMA (see iBurst).
3GPP Long Term Evolution may reach the market 1–2 years after
Mobile WiMax.
An even higher speed version of WiMax is the IEEE 802.16m
specification. LTE Advanced will be the later evolution of the 3GPP LTE
standard.
