UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO CROP
PRODUCTION
PRACTICES OF CROP PRODUCTION (CS102)
HECTOR C. GAYOMBA
Instructor
UNIT OUTLINE:
Production of Important Crops
Development of Crop Production
Issues in Crop Production in the
Philippines
Production of Important Crops
World Food Production
11% (1.5 billion ha.) of the
globe’s land surface (13 billion
ha) is used in crop
production.
2.818 billion tonnes of cereals
produce in the world in 2017
7.5 billion world population
(2019)
9.7 billion world population
projected in 2050
TOP 5 CEREAL CROPS PRODUCED IN THE WORLD
AREA HARVESTED ON CERAELS:
731,541,283.00 HA.
2017 VOLUME OF PRODUCTION ( TONNES)
1,200,000,000.00
Maize,
1,134,746,667.00
1,000,000,000.00
Rice, paddy,
Wheat, 769,657,791.00
800,000,000.00 771,718,579.00
600,000,000.00
400,000,000.00
Barley, Sorghum,
200,000,000.00 147,404,262.00 57,601,588.00
-
Maize Wheat Rice, paddy Barley Sorghum
Top Maize Producers 2017
400,000,000
USA,
350,000,000 370,960,390
300,000,000
250,000,000
Tonne
200,000,000
s
150,000,000
100,000,000
50,000,000
-
Top Rice Producers (2017)
250,000,000
China, 212,676,000
200,000,000
Tonne
150,000,000
s
100,000,000
50,000,000
-
TOP 5 VEGETABLES CROPS PRODUCED IN THE WORLD
AREA HARVESTED ON VEGETABLES:
58,172,267 HA.
(2017) VOLUME OF PRODUCTION (TONNES)
200,000,000.00
180,000,000.00
Tomatoes,
182,301,395.00
160,000,000.00
Cucumbers and
140,000,000.00 gherkins, Cabbages and other
83,753,861.00 brassicas,
120,000,000.00
Onions, 71,451,138.00
97,862,928.00
100,000,000.00
80,000,000.00
Eggplants,
60,000,000.00 52,309,119.00
40,000,000.00
20,000,000.00
-
Tomatoes Onions Cucumbers and Cabbages and Eggplants
gherkins other
brassicas
Top Tomato Producers (2017)
70,000,000
60,000,000
China, 59,514,773
50,000,000
Tonne
40,000,000
s
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
TOP 5 FRUITS CROPS PRODUCED IN THE WORLD
AREA HARVESTED ON FRUITS: 65,220,334 HA.
2017 VOLUME OF PRODUCTION ( TONNES)
140,000,000
Watermelons,
118,413,465
120,000,000 Bananas, 113,918,763
100,000,000
Apples, 83,139,326 Oranges, 73,313,089
80,000,000 Grapes, 74,276,583
60,000,000
40,000,000
20,000,000
Watermelons Bananas Apples Grapes Oranges
Top Watermelon Producers (2017)
90,000,000
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000 China, 79,276,300
Tonne
50,000,000
s
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
-
TOP 5 FIBER CROPS PRODUCED IN THE WORLD
AREA HARVESTED FIBER CROPS:
36,022,963 HA.
2017 VOLUME OF PRODUCTION (TONNES)
80,000,000.00
Cotton,
70,000,000.00
74,352,809.00
60,000,000.00
50,000,000.00
40,000,000.00 Flax fibre and tow,
780,554.00
30,000,000.00 Jute, Bastfibres, other,
3,530,816.00 Kapok fruit, 205,675.00
20,000,000.00
10,000,000.00 280,516.00
Cotton Jute Flax fibre Kapok fruit Bastfibres,
and tow other
Top Cotton Producers (2017)
20,000,000
India, 18,530,000
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
TONNES
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
-
10% of the total land area
in the world is China’s
arable land
140.63 million hectares
China
of agricultural
is the land
world’s
biggestproducer,
food importer and
consumer of food
World’s largest agricultural
workforce (313 million) vs 329
million total population in U.S
as of 2019
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Low Diversification of Crops
81.26 of agricultural land are
devoted for traditional crops in
the Philippines (Rice, Corn,
Sugarcane and Coconut).
High value crops have greater
market expansion potential and
market value than traditional
crops.
In 1995, R.A 7900 was signed
into law also known as High
Value Crop Development Act
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
High Value Crop Development Program
R.A 7900 of 1995
Goals
Increase production, income and livelihood
opportunities among small producers
Priority Commodities include:
Vegetables (lowland, upland, spices)
Major fruits (mango, banana, and
pineapple)
Local/regional fruits with seasonal and local
demand (durian, pili, cashew etc.)
Industrial/plantation crops (coffee, cacao
and rubber)
Alternative staple food crops (banana-saba
and root crops)
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Low Productivity
Increase agricultural production in the country can
solely come from productivity improvement
(increasing output per unit of area)
No new area can be opened up for new cultivation
Philippines land area: 30 million ha. – 47% is
agricultural land (13 million ha.)
Prime agricultural lots are located around main
urban and high density areas
According to land capability, 78.31% of the
alienable and disposable land are prime
agricultural areas, 6.1 million ha. Are highly
suitable for cultivation.
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Area Harvested of Crops in the Philippines in 2013-2017
13,600,000
13,505,000
13,500,000
13,400,000
13,346,400 13,345,100
13,300,000
13,229,200
13,200,000
13,100,000
13,091,200
13,000,000
12,900,000
12,800,000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Comparative cost of production per kg of rice to other Asian countries
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Philippines has the
lowest average yield
(2012-2014) among
ASEAN countries:
Cassava (10.9 t vs
Indonesia 22.4 t)
Coconut (4.3 t vs
Vietnam 9.7 t)
Coffee (0.4 t vs
Vietnam 2.29 t)
Rubber (0.70 t vs
Vietnam 1.71 t)
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Limited access to credit and agricultural insurance
Farmer in the Philippines have more than
double the poverty rate of their
counterparts in Vietnam, Indonesia and
Thailand.
39% of the farmers did not have access to
formal credit
Poverty is largely due to our defective
agricultural credit system
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Limited access to credit and agricultural insurance
Five-six system for a three month period.
The effect is that they pay an annualized
interest rate of 80%
Agricultural Credit Guarantee and Loan
Program (ACGLP) that can guarantee
collateral-less loans of up to 15 billion to
small farmer and fisherfolk (SFF’s).
But the end of 2017, less than 7 billion
was availed of
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) is a
agricultural bank but…
2017, LBP’s total loan portfolio of P542
billion:
Php 343 billion (63%) to non-agriculture
sectors
Php 124 billion (23%) to agri-fisheries
Php 37 billion (7%) to small farmers and
fisherfolk
Php 37 billion (7%) to LGU’s and GOCC’s
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Agriculture Insurance
Philippine Crop Insurance
Corporation (PCIC)
Provide insurance protection to
farmers against losses arising
from natural disasters, plant
diseases and pest infestations
initially for palay crops and later
to other crops
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Low farm mechanization and inadequate postharvest facilities
Philippine is 1.23 horsepower per hectare (hp/ha) farm
mechanization level (2012)
Other Asian Country Farm Mechanization
Level
Japan 7.00 hp/ha
South Korea 4.11 hp/ha
China 4.10 hp/ha
Vietnam 1.56 hp/ha
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Inadequate irrigation
Of 13.508 M agricultural land, 3.3 M is
consider as irrigatable up to 3% slope
(NIA)
6.1 M ha as irrigatable, including areas
that are relatively more difficult to
irrigate and up to 8% slope (World
Bank)
In 2018, of 3.1 M irrigatable areas, 61%
areas were served by irrigation facilities
1.2 M hectare remaining to be develop
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Rice Production Water Sources in the Philippines
39% - National Irrigation Authority
20% - Rain Water
14% - Spring Water
14% - Communal Irrigation System
7% - Individual Private Fuel-Operated
Water Pumps
6% - Small Water Impounding Project
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Scant support for research and
development (R&D) R&D Expenditure (% of GDP) in the
Philippines (2002-2014)
Ideal average spending of R&D
should be 1% of the country’s
gross domestic product (GDP)
according to World Bank.
Research and development
expenditure (% of GDP) in
Philippines was reported at
0.13793 % in 2013, according to
the World Bank collection of
development indicators
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Low number of researchers/scientist
Total number of R&D personnel is 10,277
24% or 2,480 are researchers in agricultural science
1,283 (52%) are in the government
47.8% worked in the public (1,145) and private HEI’s (41)
11 researchers (0.44) are in private non-profit organization
UNESCO
No. R&D Req’t
Personnel
330/M
188/M population
pop’n in
2013
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Top 10 countries with the most number of R&D personnel/researchers in 2017 (No./Million Population)
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Soil and Water Degradation
25 billion tons of top soil/year
are lost – deforestation and
overgrazing
Based on a classification by
the GLASOD, about 70% of
the country’s land area has
been degraded with soil
erosion as the dominant
forms of land degradation
(Briones, 2009).
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Agriculture, which accounts for 70
percent of water withdrawals worldwide,
plays a major role in water pollution.
Farms discharge large quantities of
agrochemicals, organic matter, drug
residues, sediments and saline drainage
into water bodies.
Exploding demand for food with high
environmental footprints, such as meat
from industrial farms, is contributing to
unsustainable agricultural intensification
and to water-quality degradation. (FAO
&WLE)
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Nitrate from agriculture is now the
most common chemical
contaminant in the world’s
groundwater aquifers.
Aquatic ecosystems are affected
by agricultural pollution; for
example, eutrophication caused by
the accumulation of nutrients in
lakes and coastal waters impacts
biodiversity and fisheries.
Despite data gaps, 415 coastal
areas have been identified
experiencing eutrophication.
Blue Baby Syndrome
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Climate change and natural
resources degradation
Adverse impacts such as flooding
incidence, drought soil degradation,
water shortage and increase pest
and diseases constantly threaten
agricultural output and productivity
The Philippines is third among the
173 countries in the world in terms of
disaster risk index (World Risk
Report, 2011)
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Projected changes in temperature in the Philippines by 2050
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Projected changes in temperature in the Philippines by 2050
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Weak extension services
Due to decentralization of Agricultural
Extension Service
DA’s resource allocation for the
decentralization of agricultural services is not
felt at the local level.)
It hampers diffusion and adoption of
recommended farm practices and technologies
This attributed to:
Inadequate operational fund
Lack of human resources
Ageing number of extension workers (43
to 64 years old)
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Ageing Filipino Farmers
Average age of Filipino farmers: 57
years old
Filipino life expectancy: Male 67 years;
female 75.3 year (Knoema, 2017)
Average life expectancy of a Filipino: 71
years (Knoema, 2017)
Survival rate of male Filipino at 65
years old: 64.8%
Survival rate of female Filipino at 65
years old: 79.4%
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
Number of Students Enrolled in
Agricultural, Forestry, Fisheries, Vet Med. (2014-2019)
143,182
125,526 127,287
106,006
100,922
201 201 201 201 201
Issues in Crop Production in the Philippines
