How To Write Chapter 2 Review of The Related Literature and Studies

HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE RELATED

LITERATURE AND STUDIES
A researcher needs to review the write-ups,

readings, and studies related to the present
study in order to determine the similarities
and differences of the findings between the
past and present studies.
3PARTS OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Related readings and literature

 Related studies
 Relevance or justification of the reviewed
literature and studies to the present study
RELATED READINGS
The major sources of related readings

are laws and department directives such
as circulars, orders and memoranda,
which are related to the present study.
RELATED LITERATURE
Literature may be defined as written

works collectively, especially, those
enduring importance, exhibiting creative
imagination and artists’ skill, which are
written in a particular period, language,
and subject.
GUIDELINES ON EFFECTIVE WRITING
OF THE LITERATURE AND REVIEW
 Research papers must be written in a

formal style, which is in the third person,
not the first person.
 Avoid highly descriptive writing style, not
appropriate for a scholarly research.
 Use the active voice for direct impact and
easy understanding.
 Avoid the use of jargon; use familiar terms
in place of terminologies.
 Language should be neutral gender, no
sexy language like his.
 Make the conclusions and contradictions
found in the literature clear in the report.
 Use short sentences; avoid elongated and
run-on expressions.
 Use proper grammar and proofread the
work.
 Never plagiarize; give credit to the original
author of ideas.
 Pay attention to the structure and form of
published articles, which are good
examples of how literature reviews can be
written.
Examples
1. Peters (1993) claims that job-related stress can
enhance productivity up to a certain point. There
is, however, a threshold point beyond which
stress becomes a harmful factor in one’s
productivity. On the other hand, Sauders (1999)
averred that, in his experience as a clinical
psychologist, stresses always produce a negative
effect on one’s productivity.
2. “The ideas of using the sample mean as a
measure of central tendency has a long-standing
history. It is almost automatic tendency and
reaction of the people confronted with a mass of
data to add the set of numbers and divide the
total mass of data to add the set of numbers
and divide the total by the number of
observations. Gauss (1989), however,
demonstrated that the sample mean
indeed satisfies an optimality criterion
when the original observations are
normally distributed.”
RELATED STUDIES
Related studies in contrast to

related literature are works based on
empirical data.
In reviewing related studies, one
must be careful to the:
 Problem
 Methodology, including the sampling plan
 Instruments used
 Findings
 conclusions
In reviewing related studies, the
researcher carefully notes the
following points:
 The researcher’s motivation for conducting
the study
 The statement of the problem
 The variables involved in the study,
including their quantifications
 The research design, including the
sampling plan utilized by the investigator
 The major results and conclusion
The use of the following phrases
and expressions that help express
related literature and studies are:
 in 1999, Dizon stresses that…

 from the book of Espidido entitled
“Practice of Research” published by the
National Bookstore Inc., in 1999 he
expounded that…
 Gay (1998) said that…
 Fox (1990) suggested that…
 Gates (1998) pointed out that…
 Punzalan (1980) used…
 Flanders system focused…
 Amidos and Hunters system investigated…
 Barne’s system made detailed and
interesting…
EXAMPLE
Bernard’s pointed out that good

teachers vary their combination of traits
but the listed characteristics do indicate
what teachers should strive for (1999).
 Bellack, et al., proposed…
 Malcolhm, on the other hand credited
for…
 Costales largely based on the…
 Zulueta postulated that these…
 Nebrez directed that…
JUSTIFICATION OF THE REVIEWED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES TO THE
PRESENT STUDY
The following phrases can help express
the relevance of the study:
 The related literature included in this

study has significant relationship with the
future in the sense that…
 The related studies presented here were
selected on the basis of their significance
in promoting directions for this present
study…
 The study of…provided a framework for
the…
 This present study is similar to that of…in
terms of…
 This study is related to other to other
studies conducted because…

 All the concepts revealed in the study of…
will influence the…of this study.

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HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED

A researcher needs to review the write-ups,

 Related readings and literature

The major sources of related readings

Literature may be defined as written

 Research papers must be written in a

Related studies in contrast to

 in 1999, Dizon stresses that…

Bernard’s pointed out that good

 The related literature included in this

studies conducted because…

will influence the…of this study.

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