Fire Protection System 2
Fire Protection Systems
Standard building features that either
actively or passively help to control the
amount of damage that can occur to a
building and protect its occupants in the
event of a fire.
Components Of Fire Protection Systems
Fire Extinguisher
Sprinkler
Standpipe Systems
Fire Detection Systems
Fire Alarm Systems
Fire Extinguisher
Portable or movable apparatus used to
put out a small fire by directing onto it a
substance that cools the burning
material, deprives the flame of oxygen,
or interferes with the chemical reactions
occurring in the flame.
There are five different categories of fire
Class A – a fire started with normal combustibles such as wood, paper, and
cloth
Class B – a fire started with flammable and combustible liquids and gases
such as gasoline and paints
Class C – a fire started by energized electrical equipment such as a short
circuit in power transmission cables
Class D – a fire started by flammable metals such as sodium, potassium and
lithium
Class K – kitchen fires
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
• Water & Foam
• Carbon Dioxide
• Dry Chemical
• Wet Chemical
• Clean Agent
• Dry powder
• Water Mist
• Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Water & Foam
The water component of this extinguisher
removes the heat of the fire, while the
foam component removes the oxygen.
Works For: Class A fires only
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide replaces the fire’s oxygen
and, as the gas is contained under
pressure it creates a cold discharge upon
release, which removes the heat of the fire
too.
Works For: Class B and C fires
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Dry Chemical
This extinguisher removes the chemical reaction of
a fire, and is the most used of all fire extinguishers
because of its versatility across multiple classes.
Works For: Class A, B and C fires (multi-purpose);
Class B and C (ordinary)
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Wet Chemical
This extinguisher removes heat and creates a barrier
between oxygen and fuel so a fire cannot be re-
ignited. The chemical is sprayed as a mist, cooling
the fire’s heat and creating a blanket effect over the
fuel.
Works For: Class K fires (particularly good for fires
started by oils or fats)
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Clean Agent
Also called Halogenated extinguishers,
these include halon agents and new, less
ozone depleting halocarbon agents,
which extinguish a fire by interrupting
its chemical reaction.
Works For: Class B and C fires
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Dry Powder
This works similarly to the dry chemical
extinguisher as the powder separates the
fuel from oxygen or removes the heat, but
this extinguisher is only used to fight
combustible metal fires.
Works For: Class D fires
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Water Mist
This extinguisher takes away
the heat of the fire only.
Works For: Class A and C fires
Types Of Fire Extinguishers
Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical
This extinguisher interrupts the chemical
reaction of the fire, and creates a barrier between
the oxygen and the fuel and, like the dry
chemical extinguishers, works well on a variety
of fire types.
Works For: Class A, B and C fires
Key components Of Fire Extinguishers
Cylindrical tank
The largest and the most recognizable component of a fire
extinguisher is certainly the red cylindrical tank that
houses the chemicals used to put out fires.
Valve assembly
Valve assembly regulates and controls the flow of the
extinguishing agent inside the tank.
Key components Of Fire Extinguishers
Nozzle and hose
These two components direct the extinguishing agent
as it starts leaving the cylinder tank.
Extinguishing agent
The extinguishing agent is a vital component. This
chemical substance is what actually suppresses or puts
out the fire.
Key components Of Fire Extinguishers
Propellant
Propellant is a gas that expels the
extinguishing agent from the
extinguisher.
Fire Sprinkler
Or Sprinkler head is the
component of a fire sprinkler
system that discharges water
when the effects of a fire have
been detected, such as when a
predetermined temperature has
been exceeded.
Types Of Sprinkler
Types Of Sprinkler
Pre-action
Pre-action fire sprinkler systems are filled with air and water is
allowed to pass through when the smoke alarm or detector goes
off.
Dry Pipe
Dry pipe sprinklers are similar to pre-action systems as they use
pressurized air in the pipe which exits before water escapes.
Types Of Sprinkler
Wet Pipe
Wet pipe fire sprinklers constantly have water in them. This allows for a quick
reaction to a fire and is the most common type of sprinkler installed in buildings.
Deluge
These types of fire sprinkler systems also need a smoke or heat detector like the
pre-action system. A deluge system has open nozzles that can be used when a
hazard is present
Key Components
Orifice (Opening)
The orifice varies in size, but has a major impact on the sprinkler's k-factor
which ultimately governs the sprinkler's relationship between flow and
pressure.
Threading
The nominal threading sizes range in quarter-inch increments from 1/2-inch to
1-1/4-inch (although some dry pendent shafts do have 1-1/2-inch threads).
Key Components
Plug
The plug retains the water (and pressure) within the sprinkler and pipe
network. Breakage of the liquid-filled glass bulb results in the release of the
plug, and thereafter the water.
Sealed Liquid-Filled Glass Bulb
Modern commercial sprinklers mostly rely on the colored glass bulb as the
thermal sensor in the fire sprinkler, but other types are still frequent as well.
Key Components
Frame & Deflector
The frame can have many finishes, of which some of the
more common are listed above. The deflector offers the
basic premise of the fire sprinkler - which is to distribute
water in a specific pattern to best combat a fire hazard
within an enclosure.
Standpipe systems
A series of pipes which connect a water
supply to hose connections, basically an
extension of the fire hydrant system. They
are designed to provide a pre-piped water
system for building occupants or the fire
department.
Types Of Standpipe
Automatic dry standpipe. always air stored inside the standpipe at a constant
pressure. When a hose valve is opened, the air escapes allowing the water to enter
into the standpipe system.
Semi-automatic dry standpipe. air is stored inside the pipes, which can be
pressurized or not be pressurized.
Manual dry standpipe. This type of system has only pipes feeding the system
with no air or water in them.
Components of a Vertical Standpipe
Flexible couplings are included near floor levels to
prevent catastrophic damage to the suppression system
from the building structure while the building structure
is moving in an earthquake.
Standpipe isolation valves allow shutdown of a single
standpipe without interrupting the water supply to other
vertical standpipes.
Components of a Vertical Standpipe
Standpipe Hose Connections. To provide a
point of connection for firefighters to connect
hoses and get water to manually fight the fire.
Clearance around floor penetrations are
important for seismic bracing, again to prevent
damage to the system from the building
structure during an earthquake.
Fire Detection Systems
Designed to discover fires early in their
development when time will still be
available for the safe evacuation of
occupants.
Main Types of Fire Detectors
Heat detectors are generally used in storage closets, warehouses or
other rooms that aren’t frequently occupied.
Ionization smoke detectors are usually found in commercial
kitchens and restaurants. They activate when there’s smoke present
in the air.
Photoelectric detectors are great for detecting small fires. They
are similar to ionization detectors, but instead of using an electric
current, they use a beam of light to detect smoke.
Fire Alarm System
Designed to alert us to an emergency so that we
can take action to protect ourselves, staff and the
general public.
Most fire alarm systems are made up of the following
components:
Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP)
The fire alarm control panel is essentially the control center and the
brain of a fire alarm system.
Primary and Backup Power Supply
A fire alarm system also provides you with access to two power
supplies. The primary power supply is used constantly, and the backup
power supply is used in the event of a power failure.
Most fire alarm systems are made up of the following
components:
Alarm Initiating Device
The alarm initiating device is what actually informs the fire alarm
system that there is some sort of danger or fire emergency.
Alarm Notification Device
The alarm notification device is arguably the most important part of
your fire alarm system as this is what gets triggered by the initiating
device.
Most fire alarm systems are made up of the following
components:
Remote Control and Display Panels
Remote controls and display panels allow people to control a
set of fire alarm systems even when they aren’t nearby.
Building Safety Interface
The building safety interface allows the fire alarm system to
control other elements of the building when needed.
Most fire alarm systems are made up of the following
components:
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