Introduction to Embedded Systems

RAW CONTENT/DRAFT STORY BOARD

Branch –Year-Semester ECE– III Year – I Semester

Subject Embedded Systems

Unit – Topic Unit-1

Introduction

SME U. Srinivas

ID U. Srinivas

Language Review <to be filled>

Start Date 04/07/2013

End Date <to be filled>

Version 1.0

Client ID Review
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Table of Contents

Unit 1: Introduction to Embedded Systems

U1_M1_Embedded systems

 Learning Objectives
 Introduction
 General Computing System
 Embedded system Vs General Computing systems
 History of Embedded system
 Classification of Embedded system
• Based on generation
• Based on complexity
 Major Application areas of Embedded system
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Table of Contents

Unit 1: Introduction to Embedded Systems

U1_M1_Embedded systems
 Purpose of embedded system
• Data storage
• Data Communication
• Data processing
• Monitoring
• Control
• Application specific user interface
 ‘Smart’ Running shoes from ADIDAS-The Innovative Bonding of lifestyle with
embedded technology
 Applications
 Summary
 Numerical problems/model questions
 Quiz
 Glossary
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Unit 1::Introduction
1.Introduction to Embedded Systems

Review Comments
Introduction to Embedded Systems

Intro Animation
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Learning Objectives

By the end of this topic, you will be able to:

● Define the concept of general system

● Compare an Embedded system with
general computing system
● A view on the history of embedded
system
● Classify Embedded systems
● Identify major application areas of
Embedded systems
● Understand the necessity of an
Embedded system
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Introduction

System : A system is a way of organizing or doing one or many tasks according to

fixed plan, program or set of rules
Watch is an example of a system
It is time display System
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery,Dial,Chassis and strap
Rules:
 All needles move clock wise
 A thin needle rotates every second
 A long needle rotates every minute
 A short needle rotates every hour
Watch
 All needles return to original position after 12 hours

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Introduction

 A general purpose computing device

is programmed to carry out a finite set
of arithmetic and logical operations
 A general purpose computer performs:
• Accepts data
• Processes data
• Storages data and
• Display output

General purpose computing system

 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Embedded System - Definition

Embedded system : It is an electronic or electro-mechanical system designed

to perform a specific task
 Basically an Embedded system is a combination of both hardware and software
 Every Embedded system is unique and hardware and firmware are specific to the
application domain
Ex: ATM machine, Washing machine, Air conditioner, Mobile phone etc.

Embedded system examples

previous Hardware with software embedded
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Embedded System Vs General Purpose Computing Systems

S.no General purpose computing system Embedded System

1 A system which is a combination of a generic A system which is a combination of special
hardware and general Purpose Operating purpose hardware and embedded OS for
System for executing applications executing a specific set of applications
2 Contains a General Purpose Operating System May or may not contain operating system
(GPOS).
3 Performance is the key decoding factor in Application-specific like performance,
selection of system, 'Faster is Better' power requirements. memory usages are
the key factors
4 Response requirements are not time critical
For mission critical systems, the
response time requirement is highly critical

5 Execution behavior need not be deterministic

Execution behavior is deterministic for
certain types
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

History of Embedded Systems

 Embedded systems were in existence even before IT revolution and are built
around old vacuum tube and transistor technologies and embedded algorithms
were developed in low level languages
 MIT Instrumentation Lab developed the first recognized Modern Embedded
system is the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) for lunar expedition
 The proto model of the first microchip used in AGC has a clock frequency of
1.024MHz derived from a 2.048 MHz Crystal Clock.
 Computing unit of AGC consisted of 16 bit word logic and 11 instructions
 AGC user interface unit is known as DSKY(Display/Keyboard)
 The first mass-produced embedded system was ‘Autonetics D-17 guidance
computer for the Minuteman-I missile system in 1961
 In 1958 September First Integrated Circuit was produced but computers using
them did not appear until 1963

Microprocessor (4004)
DSKY
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Classification of Embedded System

 The classification of embedded system is based on

Based on Generation

Based on Complexity and

Performance Requirements

Based on Deterministic Behavior

Based on Triggering

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 Introduction
Antenna
to Embedded
Parameters
Systems

Classification of Embedded Systems

Generation based classification:

First
generation  Built around of 4-bit microcontrollers and 8 bit
Second
Generation
microprocessors like 8085 and Z80.

Third  Simple in hardware circuits with firmware developed in

Generation
Assembly code.
Fourth
 Ex: Digital telephone keypads, stepper motor control
Generation
units.

Digital telephone keypad

Click each generation tab to learn more
 Introduction
Antenna
to Embedded
Parameters
Systems

Classification of Embedded Systems

First  These are built 16-bit microprocessor and 8/16 bit

generation
microcontrollers
Second
Generation  Instruction set is complex and powerful than first generation
 Some second generation systems contained embedded
Third
Generation operating systems

Fourth  Data Acquisition Systems(DAS), SCADA(Supervisory Control

Generation And Data Acquisition) systems

Data acquisition SCADA systems

Click each generation tab to learn more
 Introduction
Antenna
to Embedded
Parameters
Systems

Classification of Embedded Systems

First  Embedded systems built are around 32bit processors and 16

generation
bit microcontrollers.
Second
Generation  Application and domain specific processors / Controllers like
DSP and Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) came
Third
Generation into the existence.

Fourth  Ex: Processors like Intel, Pentium, Motorola 68K

Generation  Instruction set of processors became more powerful and
complex and the concept of instruction pipelining also evolved
 Robotics, Networking, Media.

Click each generation tab to learn more

Robotics
 Introduction
Antenna
to Embedded
Parameters
Systems

Classification of Embedded Systems

First  Features of fourth generation:

generation
• System on Chips (SoC)
Second
Generation • Reconfigurable processors
• Multi core processors
Third
Generation • High performance

Fourth • Tight integration

Generation Smart phone devices

 Different functionalities of total system with processor core on

integrated circuit implemented by System on chip
 Smart phone devices, Mobile Integrated Devices (MlDs)

Click each Generation tab to learn more

 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Classification Based on Complexity and Performance

Small Scale Embedded

System

Medium scale
Embedded System

Large Scale Embedded

System

Click each System tab to learn more

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Classification Based on Complexity and Performance

Small Scale Embedded System:

 Small Scale Embedded systems are simple in application needs

 Performance requirements are not time critical
 Built around low performance and low cost 8 or 16 bit
microprocessors/microcontrollers.
 It may or may not contain an operating system for its functioning.
 Electronic toy is an example

Imaget

previous Electronic toy next

 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Classification Based on Complexity and Performance

Medium Scale Embedded System:

 Medium scale embedded systems are slightly complex in hardware and

software requirement.
 Medium-scale embedded systems built around medium performance and low
cost, 16 or 32 bit microprocessors or digital signal processors.
 These contain an operating system for functioning.

Imaget

previous next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Classification Based on Complexity and Performance

Large Scale Embedded System:

 The requirements of Large scale embedded systems have highly complex

hardware and firmware.
 Employed in critical applications demanding high performance.
 Built around 32 or 64 bit RISC processors / Controllers or Reconfigurable
SOC or multicore processors and Programmable Devices.
 Ex: Encoding / Decoding of media, Cryptographic function implementation
 These systems contains Real Time Operating System (RTOS) for
• Task scheduling
Imaget
• Prioritization and
• Management

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

The application areas in embedded system are:

Household appliances:
 Television, DVD players, washing machine, fridge, microwave oven

Microwave oven Washing machine

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

Security systems :
 Intruder Detection Alarms, Closed Circuit Television Cameras, Fire Alarms

Secret Camera Intruder detection alarm

previous
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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

Automotive industry:
 Anti-lock Breaking Systems (ABS), Engine Control, Ignition Systems, Automatic
Navigation Systems

Engine control Automatic breaking system

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

Computer Peripherals:
 Printers, Scanners, Fax machines

previous Printer Electronic scanner

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

Healthcare:
 Different kinds of scanners, EEG, ECG machines

ECG Machine
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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

Card readers:
 Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices

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previous
Barcode scanner Card reader
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Major Application Areas of Embedded System

Banking and Retail

 Automatic teller machines(ATM) ,currency counters, Point of sales

previous ATM Currency Counters

 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Purpose of Embedded System

 Embedded system is designed to serve the purpose for following tasks:

Data collection

Data communication

Data processing

Monitoring

Control
Click each aspect tab to learn more
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Purpose of Embedded System

Data Collection

 Data collection in the sense of storage,

analysis, manipulation and transmission
 Continuous or Discrete information
 Transmitted or processed data of the system
is directly stored in the system
 Embedded systems stores the collection data
for processing and analysis
 Digital camera is a typical example
Imaget

Digital camera for image

capturing/storage/display

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Purpose of Embedded System

Data Communication

 Data communications applications ranging in

Satellite communications systems
 Transmission is achieved by a wire-line
medium or by a wireless medium
 Wireless medium offers cheaper connectivity
solution.
 wireless modules are GPRS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
Imaget
 Wire-line modules are RS-232C,USB,TCP/IP

Router for communication

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Purpose of Embedded System

Data(Signal) Processing

 The data collected by embedded systems is

used for various kinds of data processing.
 Embedded systems with data processing
applications like speech coding, synthesis,
audio,vidéo codec, transmission
 Digital hearing aid improves the hearing
capacity of hearing impaired persons.
Imaget

Hearing aid for signal

processing
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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Purpose of Embedded System

Data Monitoring

 Embedded system used in medical field

performs with monitoring functions.
 These are used for determining the state
of some variables using input Sensor
 Electro Cardiogram machine for
monitoring the heart beat of a patient
 ECG, logic analyzer, CRO, digital
multimeter Imaget

Signal analyzer for

monitoring signals

previous next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Purpose of Embedded System

Data Control

 Sensors and actuators control functionality

of a system.
 Sensors are connected to the input port for
capturing the changes
 Actuators connected to the output port
control the changes in input variable to
bring the controlled variable to the specified
Imaget
range

AC for controlling Temperature

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Application Specific User interface

 Embedded systems consisting of interfaces like

buttons, switches, keypad, lights, bells, display
units
 Mobile phone contains the user interface keypad,
graphic LCD module, system speaker, vibration alert

Embedded system with application-

specific user interface
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

‘Smart Running Shoes from Adidas-The Innovative Bonding of

Lifestyle with Embedded Technology.

 In 2005 April Adidas launched the “Smart running shoes

 Depending upon individual runner running style, body weight and running surface
Smart shoe adapts its shock-absorbing characteristics
 Digital signal processing that controls motor-driven cable system, shoe uses
magnetic system to measure the cushioning level
 Bottom of the element contains magnet and hall effect sensor positioned at top of
cushioning element
 1000 readings per second and relayed to shoe’s microprocessor measured by
sensor from top to bottom
 Under arch of shoe sends command to micro motor present in the mid-foot
positioned from microprocessor(MPU)

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Smart Running Shoes from Adidas-The Innovative Bonding of

Lifestyle with Embedded Technology.

 Christian DiBenedetto developed the Portland, ore-based adidas

 Magnetic sensor measures amount of compression to the time it took to reach
full compression said by Oleson
 Compression levels during run Runners wrote test shoes that gathered
information .
 Validation of the sensor depends on the two matched up
 During “swing” phase than the “distance” phase of stride(when foot is off the
ground) adaptations made
 LED indicators confirm when the electronics are turned on
 Shoes are turned off means operate like old-fashioned manual shoes

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previous
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Applications of Embedded System

 Used in Electronics applications and consumer devices

 Industrial automation and process control software
 In Medical electronics technology
 Military and aerospace embedded software applications.

Modem for
communication
Application in Automotive
Industry
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Summary

At the end of this topic, you have learnt:

 Embedded system (ES) is an electronic or electro-mechanical system designed
to perform a specific task and it is combination of both hardware and software
 A general purpose computing system or device is programmed to carry out a
finite set of arithmetic and logical operations
 The first recognized modem embedded system is Apollo guidance computer
(AGC)
 Classification of embedded system dependent on generation and complexity and
performance requirement
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Summary

At the end of this topic, you have learnt:

 Major application areas of embedded system are household appliances, security
systems, automotive industry, computer peripherals, healthcare, card readers,
banking and retail
 Purpose of embedded system depends on data collection, data communication,
data processing, monitoring and control
 Embedded System is applicable in electronics, industrial automation, military,
aerospace and medical electronics technology
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

1 of 10
1. Which of the following is a real time embedded system?

A. Ceiling Fan That’s incorrect.

B. ATM machine The correct answer is B.
C. Television Set
D. Desktop Key Board

Explanation: Basic Real Time Embedded system examples are

ATM machine, Washing machine, Air conditioner, Mobile phone

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

2 of 10
2. Embedded system is combination of ____

A. Software and hardware That’s incorrect.

B. Software and firmware The correct answer is A.
C. Firmware only
D. Software only

Explanation: Basically Embedded is combination of both hardware

and software. Software contains programming model and hardware
consisting of logic devices

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

3 of 10
3.Intel 4004 is a ____

A. 8-bit microprocessor That’s incorrect.

B. 16-bit microprocessor The correct answer is D.
C. 32-bit microprocessor
D. 4-bit microprocessor

Explanation:
Intel 4004 is 4-bit microprocessor used for calculator applications.
It is first generation processor invented in 1960.

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

4 of 10
4. Digital telephone keypads is a Example of ___

A. First generation That’s incorrect.

B. Second generation The correct answer is A.
C. Third generation
D. Fourth generation

Explanation: Digital telephone keypads is a example of first generation

embedded systems. These are existing in Mobile Telephone
communications

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

5 of 10
5. DAS and SCADA ______generation Systems

A. Second generation That’s incorrect.

B. First generation The correct answer is A.
C. Fourth generation
D. Third generation

Explanation: DAS and SCADA are Second generation embedded systems

Abbreviated as Data Acquisition Systems(DAS), Supervisory Control And
Data Acquisition(SCADA) systems respectively.

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

6 of 10
6. SoC Stands for________

A. System on chip(Soc) That’s incorrect.

B. System on computer The correct answer is A.
C. Schematic on chip
D. Schematic on computer

Explanation:
Full form of SoC is system on chip. Different functionalities of total system
with processor core on integrated circuit implemented by System on chip

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

7 of 10
7. RTOS Means ____

A. Real time operating system That’s incorrect.

B. Real technique objective system The correct answer is A.
C. Real technique operating system
D. Raster technique operating system

Explanation: RTOS Means Real time operating system. It performs

Task scheduling, Prioritization and Management

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

8 of 10
8. Television is ______ application

A. Microcontroller That’s incorrect.

B. Microprocessor The correct answer is D.
C. Embedded system
D. House hold application

Explanation: Television, DVD players, washing machine, fridge,

microwave oven are House hold applications.

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

9 of 10
9. Intruder Detection Alarms _____ application

A. Microcontroller That’s incorrect.

B. DSP The correct answer is C.
C. Security
D. General purpose computer

Explanation: Intruder Detection Alarms, Closed Circuit Television

Cameras, Fire Alarms are security type of applications

Submit Next
 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Quiz

10 of 10
10. Electro Cardiogram machine monitors ______

A. Physical hands That’s incorrect.

B. Discrete data The correct answer is C.
C. Heart Beat
D. Nero system
Explanation: Electro Cardiogram machine for monitoring the heart
beat of a patient.ECG, logic analyzer, CRO, digital multi meters are
used for embedded monitoring purposes.

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 Introduction to Embedded Systems

Updated by U.Srinivas SB_ECE_ES_U1_M1_RC_K on 04-07-2013 at 7:30 pm