William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
8th Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction
Objectives
To explicitly present the nature and
characteristics of modern day computers.
To provide a thorough discussion of the
fundamentals of computer organization and
architecture and to relate these to
contemporary computer design issues.
Challenges;
Tremendous varieties of computers in terms
of size, cost, performance and application.
The continuous rapid pace of change that has
always characterized computer technology
Despite the challenges certain fundamental
concepts apply consistently for all computers.
Architecture v/s Organization
• Computer Architecture are those attributes visible to the
programmer that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a
program.
• Examples of architectural attributes;
– Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O
mechanisms, addressing techniques.
• Computer organization refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
• Examples of organizational attributes;
– Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• Architectural design issue: whether a computer will have a
multiply instruction.
• Organizational issue: whether that instruction will be
implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism
that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system.
• Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models,
all with the same architecture over a period of time but with
differences in organization. (32 bit v/s 64 bit CPU architectures)
Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
—At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions
Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control
Functional View
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to storage
Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection
Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit
Control Unit
CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders
Control
Memory
Outline of the Book (1)
• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets
Outline of the Book (2)
• CPU Structure and Function
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
• Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
• Digital Logic (Appendix)
Internet Resources
- Web site for book
• http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
— links to sites of interest
— links to sites for courses that use the book
— errata list for book
— information on other books by W. Stallings
• http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
— Math
— How-to
— Research resources
— Misc
Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
• WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
• CPU Info Center
• Processor Emporium
• ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
• IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
• Intel Technology Journal
• Manufacturer’s sites
—Intel, IBM, etc.
Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
• comp.arch
• comp.arch.arithmetic
• comp.arch.storage
• comp.parallel
