What is social planning?
The term “social planning” emerged during
the 1960’s in USA.
Referring to the task done by social worker
in planning agencies.
Bringing about social change.
Achieving social objectives.
Planning of public social services.
Include the coordination between public
social services or local voluntary welfare
activities, the rationing of public expenditure
and the social work role.
Assess and monitor social impact of urban
plan.
Develop long term social development
program.
Conduct social research.
Social planner copes with the social aspects
of economic or physical development.
Part of their effort is to promote
development or other societal goals.
Coordinate community services.
Distribute community facilities.
Involve grass root participation in planning
process.
Social aspects in planning
Kirk (1980) :
Planning is a social planning because it has
social impacts – either planned or unplanned
impact.
Gans (1968):
Planning is about human, so design, land
uses and the aesthetical aspects of urban
planning must have social considerations.
Broady (1968):
Planning should strenghten social
institutions, develop human potentials,
encourage social integration.
Jacob (1961):
Architecture and urban design may not
determine human behaviour, but bad design
can numb the human spirit and good design
can have powerful, positive influences on
human beings.
Keeble (1959);
Socially successful planning tends to make
people’s lives happier because it results in a
physical environment which conduces to
health, which allows convenient and safe
passage from place to place, which facilitates
social intercourse and which has visual
attractiveness.
McAllister and McAllister (1941);
Instead of town chaos we see town order.
Instead of conditions which breed disease,
unhappiness and crime, we see a physical
environment making for health, happiness
and a positive social life.
Greed (1999);
One of the most dynamic, changing and
controversial of the planning is what may be
broadly termed “social town planning’.
Policy proposals to meet the needs of
minority interest and community groups
which the present scope and nature of
statutory town planning appears unable and
ill equipped to meet.
Any movement to introduce policies that take
into account more fully the needs of the
diversity of human beings who lives in our
cities (which many would argue the
mainstream of town planning has failed to
do).
Definition of social
Term opposite of individual.
A group of people - society and community.
Social welfare – for the community interest,
social benefits.
Individual rights as a citizen.
Is about community – community
participations in planning and decision making
and community development concepts.
Community:
Can be synonymous with neighborhood or locality.
Communities exist where a degree of social
coherence develop on the basis of
interdependence which in turn produces a
uniformity of custom, taste and mode of thought
and speech.
1. Area
i. General localities with definite names but
imprecise limits.
ii. Distinctive environment with clearer
boundaries.
iii. Distinctive and internally homogeneous in
terms of both environmental and physical
characteristics.
iv. Areas united by particular activity patterns –
working or learning etc.
2. Common Ties and Social
interaction
Those which contain close knit groups
engaged in primary social interaction.
SOCIAL CONCEPT
1. Social culture
Is a way of life – include knowledge, belief, art,
morals, law, custom and any other capabilities
and habits acquired by man as a member of
society.
- Artifacts (tangible) - house, clothing,
equipments etc.
- Mantifacts (intangible) – language, values,
culture, belief etc.
2. Social system
A set of social roles that interacts and/or
social group with common values, norm and
goals.
An arrangements of parts or components
that is interrelated to each other in an
organisation.
3. Social institution
A structural form and procedures being
practise to manage, plan and implement
activities to fulfill the social needs.
Example: family, community.
4. Social control
Methods used to ensure social stability.
Formal or in formal form - in a form of
penalty, punishment, rewards etc.
5. Social structure
Based on status, role, values and social
institutions.
An arrangement of unit (sub system,
organisations types and social institution).
Land owner and peasant, rich and poor,
superordinate and subordinate.
6. Class structure
A group of individual with a same position
based on political power, wealth, income,
employment or means of production.
High class, medium class, low class.
7. Social relationship
Two types of relationship :
Gemeinschaft
Gesselschaft
• Gemeinschaft :
Basic unit of organization was the family or
kin group, with social relationships
characterised by depth, continuity, cohesion
and fulfilment.
• Gesselschaft:
Social and economic relationships based on
rationality, efficiency and contractual
obligations among individuals whose role had
become specialized.
8. Social stratification
Systematic ranking of social position that
influences the wealth, power and prestige of
the people in those position – slavery,
caste , estate, class.
Slavery – is a form of social stratification
involving great social inequality and the
ownership of some persons by others.
Caste – is a form of in which individual is
permanently assigned to a status based on
his or her parents’ status (ascribe status).
Estate – Peasants are required by law to work
on land owned by their lords in return for
food and protection from outside attacks.
Example : priest, nobles, commoners.
Class – is a form of stratification in which
people are ranked into categories according
to their occupation or economic status, but in
which some opportunity exists for mobility
between the categories based on
achievement or merit – achieved status.
9. Social conflict
A struggle over values or claims to status,
power and scarce resources. The aims of the
conflicting parties are not only to gain the
desired values but also to neutralize, injure
or eliminate their rivals.
10. Social mobility
Is a movement of a person from one status
to another.
11. Social status
Is a position in a particular social pattern.
Ascribed status is one that is conferred
independent of the individual’s effort or
abilities (basis of kinship, race, sex, skin
colour, age)
Achieved status is one that is at least partly
attained through effort or performance.
