Seminar: Electric Vehicles and its types

Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Systems

B.Tech. in Automotive Engineering

Team members:
Amogh V – 18ETAE013001
Koushik R – 18ETAE013007
Lohith D – 18ETAE013008

Mentor:
Mr. V. R. Kiran

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Outline
• Introduction
• General Working and Principle
• Types of Electric Vehicles
• Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• Battery Electric Vehicle
• Plug – In Electric Vehicle
• Conclusion

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Introduction
An electric car is a vehicle that is fully
or partially propelled by electric
motors, using energy stored in
rechargeable batteries. The first
practical electric cars were produced
in the 1880s. Electric cars were
popular in the late 19th century and
early 20th century.
The need for electric vehicles:
• Electric vehicles saves money
• Electric vehicles cut down emissions
• Electric vehicles offer a better driving experience
• Electric vehicles cut down oil use
• Electric vehicles are convenient
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 General Working and Principle of an Electric vehicle
• Electric cars function by plugging
into a charge point and taking
electricity from the grid. They store
the electricity in rechargeable
batteries that power an electric
motor, which turns the wheels.
• An electric vehicle works on a basic
principle of science: conversion of
energy. Electrical energy is
converted into mechanical energy.
There is a motor used in the
electrical system to carry on this
duty of conversion. Motors can be of
various types. The motor in an
electric vehicle is same as an engine
in IC vehicle. 4
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Types of Electric Vehicle
The main different types of electric vehicles are:
- Battery Electric
Vehicle (BEVs)
- Plug-in Hybrid
Electric Vehicles
(PHEVs)
- Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (HEVs)

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 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or HEVs, have both a gas-powered engine
and an electric motor to drive the car. All energy for the battery is
gained through regenerative braking, which recoups otherwise lost
energy in braking to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration.
In a traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, this braking
energy is normally lost as heat in the brake pads and rotors. Regular
hybrids cannot plug into the grid to recharge.

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 Examples of hybrid electric vehicle
• Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
 2.0-liter DOHC direct-injected four-cylinder engine with 154
horsepower and 140 pound-feet of torque
 Electric traction motor rated at 51 horsepower,151 pound-
feet torque. Combined 193 horsepower
 1.62 kWh Lithium-ion polymer battery (lighter than lithium-
ion batteries)
 Electric power-assisted rack and pinion steering,
regenerative braking and a start-stop system for the
gasoline engine
• Toyota Prius
 1.8-liter inline 4-cylinder with hybrid system; Horsepower:
121 (gas-electric combined)
 Hybrid Synergy Drive system with two motor-generators
that can power the car solely on electricity
 0.75-kWh lithium-ion pack, giving it a nominal 11 miles of
electric range in EPA testing
 Multi-point EFI with Electronic Throttle Control System with
intelligence
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 • Toyota Rav4 Hybrid
 194-hp, 2.5 liter 4 cylinder, 112 hp @ 5,700 rpm (194 system
horsepower), 206 lb-ft of torque @ 4,100 rpm
 105 kW electric motor, generates 194 total system hp and
206 lb-ft of system torque
 Front-wheel drive; Electronic On-Demand AWD
 Battery: 245 V nickel-hydride

• Pros and cons of HEV

PROS CONS
• Higher mileage • High maintenance
• Cleaner energy • No sport tuned suspensions
• Reduced fuel dependence • Less power
• Higher resale value • High initial cost

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 Battery electric vehicle/Pure electric vehicles.
Pure Electric Vehicles (also know as battery electric vehicles) run off one power source only - the
electric battery. There is no combustion engine present which means they are the cleanest option and
never produce tailpipe emissions and hence the most sustainable.
They do however have range anxiety, if you run out of electricity that’s it, just like if you ran out of
petrol or diesel; hence there are some additional things you need to consider before purchasing a
pure electric vehicle.
Suitable for predominantly urban driving due to range limitations, however new models are coming to
market with increasing ranges moving these vehicles into the extra-urban drive cycles. Vehicle
charging is a key consideration because there is no other back up fuel so access to a charging point at
home is a must.

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 • MG ZS EV
Pure electric Cars
 The 2021 MG ZS EV is powered by a 44.5 kWh
battery.
 It produces 143 bhp of power and torque of
353 Nm.
 The range of this car is around 419 kms at full
single charge and can run at the speed from 0-100
kmph in 8.5 seconds
 The battery can get charged from 0% to 80% in
50 mins with 50kW DC fast charger and with
standard AC charger takes 6-8 hours.
• Hyundai Kona electric
MG ZS EV
 Hyundai Kona consists of 39.2 kWh of battery
capacity.
 It produces 134 bhp of maximum power and
max torque of 395 Nm
 The charging time of this car is approx 6hrs with
AC charging and 57 mins with DC charging.
 The range of this car with one single charge is
452 kms and moves from 0-100 kmph in 9.9
seconds. Hyundai Kona Electric 10
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Pure Electric Cars
 TATA NEXON
TATA NEXON is powered by a 30.2 kWh high
density lithium ion battery.
 It produces 129 bhp of power and torque of 245
Nm.
 The range of this car is around 312 kms at full
single charge and can run at the speed from 0-100
kmph in 9.8 seconds
 The battery can get charged from 0% to 80% in
60 mins and 8.5 hours with regular charging
Pros and cons of pure electric car
PROS CONS
Tata Nexon EV
Much Higher Limited by range
Efficiency
Zero Emissions Charger takes longer
time than fueling up
Easier to maintain Expensive
due to lesser running
parts
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or PHEVs, have both an engine and electric motor to
drive the car. Like regular hybrids, they can recharge their battery through regenerative
braking. They differ from regular hybrids by having a much larger battery, and being able
to plug into the grid to recharge. While regular hybrids can (at low speed) travel 1-2 miles
before the gasoline engine turns on, PHEVs can go anywhere from 10-40 miles before
their gas engines provide assistance. Once the all-electric range is depleted, PHEVs act as
regular hybrids, and can travel several hundred miles on a tank of gasoline. All PHEVs can
charge at an EVgo L2 charger, but most PHEVs are not capable of supporting fast charging.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Examples of Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
• Audi A3 E-Tron:
 It contains a 1.4-liter turbocharged gasoline engine with
direct injection or TSI.
 The E-Tron features a 71.2 kWh Lithium-ion battery pack
offering a peak electrical output of 230kW (~308hp) and
540Nm of torque.
 The E-Tron accelerates from 0-100 km/h in 6.8 seconds and
maxes out at 190 km/h. If charged from a 120 V plug, the
charging time takes around 8 hours.
• Hyundai IONIQ:
 The Hyundai IONIQ features an 1.6 9 liter GDI engine that
provides a max power of 105 ps and a max torque of 147
Nm.
 IONIQ has a usable battery of 38.3 kWh and a range of 250
km per full charge with an efficiency of 153 Wh/km.
 The IONIQ can accelerate from 0 – 100 km/h in 9.7 sec with
a top speed of 165 km/h.
 This also as a feature of smart regenerative braking that
uses motor to slow down the car by having radar sensors
that help in traffic conditions 13
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 • Skoda Superb iV
 Under the bonnet of the Superb iV, then, are a turbocharged
1.4-litre petrol engine and an electric motor that
collaboratively produce 215 bhp.
 The Superb iV packs a 13kW battery which should give a pure
electric range of up to 35 miles. With a full tank of petrol and
the batteries topped up Skoda claims you'll have a total range
of 578 miles, which almost rivals some Superb diesel models.
 The Skoda’s charging port is neatly integrated into the front
grille. The maximum charging rate is 3.6kW (a zero-to-80%
charge takes three and half hours) which is slow by modern
standards
PROS CONS
• Zero emission when driving on • Relatively expensive
batteries
• Pros and Cons
• Fuel efficient in traffic • Complex to maintain
• Easy to drive • Battery life concerns
• Tax efficient • Resale value uncertainty
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Seminar: Electric Motors used in Vehicles

Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Systems

B.Tech. in Automotive Engineering

Team members:
Amogh V – 18ETAE013001
Koushik R – 18ETAE013007
Lohith D – 18ETAE013008

Mentor:
Mr. V. R. Kiran

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Introduction to Electric Motors
• Electric motor is the electro-mechanical machine which converts the electrical
energy into mechanical energy. In other words, the devices which produce
rotational force is known as the motor. The working principle of the electric
motor mainly depends on the interaction of magnetic and electric field. The
electric motor is mainly classified into two types. They are the AC motor and
the DC motor. The AC motor takes alternating current as an input, whereas the
DC motor takes direct current.

Types of electric motors:

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Working of Electric Motors in car
Because of the complexity of the topic, the following
is a simplified explanation of how a four-pole, three-
phase AC induction motor works in a car. It starts with
the battery in the car that is connected to the motor.
Electrical energy is supplied to the stator via the car’s
battery. Therefore, when the electrical energy from
the car battery is supplied to the motor, the coils
create rotating, magnetic fields that pull the
conducting rods on the outside of the rotor along
behind it. The spinning rotor is what creates the
mechanical energy needed to turn the gears of the
car, which, in turn, rotate the tires. Now in a typical
car, i.e., non-electric, there is both an engine and an
alternator. The battery powers the engine, which
powers the gears and wheels. The rotation of the
wheels is what then powers the alternator in the car
and the alternator recharges the battery.
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 • Hyundai Sonata Hybrid
 This vehicle consists of Permanent magnet synchronous motor as its
electric motor.
 The permanent magnet synchronous motors are one of the types of
AC synchronous motors, where the field is excited by permanent
magnets that generate sinusoidal back EMF. It contains a rotor and
stator same as that of an induction motor, but a permanent magnet is
used as a rotor to create a magnetic field.
 Working principle: The permanent magnet synchronous motor
working principle is similar to the synchronous motor. It depends on
the rotating magnetic field that generates electromotive force at
synchronous speed. When the stator winding is energized by giving
the 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is created in between
the air gaps.
 Working: The working of the permanent magnet synchronous motor
is very simple, fast, and effective when compared to conventional
motors. The working of PMSM depends on the rotating magnetic
field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the rotor. The
permanent magnets are used as the rotor to create constant
magnetic flux, operates and locks at synchronous speed. These types
of motors are similar to brushless DC motors.
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 • Toyota Prius
 1.8-liter inline 4-cylinder with hybrid system; Horsepower:
121 (gas-electric combined)
 This vehicle’s electric motor is Permanent magnet motor.
  Toyota Prius Hybrid Vehicle uses a three phase, 48 slots,
embedded permanent magnet motor with eight poles. The
windings are distributed, single layered with nine turns per
slot and connected in series.
 Motor dimensions: The external diameter of the stator is
269.24 mm and the stack length is 83.56 mm.  The resulting
air gap for the Prius PMSM is 0.75 mm.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 • Toyota Rav4 Hybrid
 This vehicle consists of Permanent magnet synchronous
motor as its electric motor.
 The 2021 Toyota RAV4 Prime offers a combination hybrid
engine system that features a 2.5L I-4 engine and two
Permanent Magnet Synchronous electric motors, one
located near each axle of the vehicle.
  The front electric motor generates 179 horsepower and 199
pound-feet of torque while the rear electric motor generates
53 horsepower and 89 pound-feet of torque. 
 The 2.5L engine is able to generate 177 horsepower and 165
pound-feet of torque. In total, the 2021 Toyota RAV4 Prime is
able to deliver 302 combined net horsepower.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 MG ZS EV
 MG ZS EV consists of a three phase permanent magnet synchronous motor.
 The stator of a three phase synchronous motor consists of distributed sine three phase
winding, whereas the rotor consists of the same number of p-pole pairs as stator, excited by
permanent magnets or a separate DC supply source as given in.
 The three-phase synchronous motor is a unique and specialized motor. As the name suggests,
this motor runs at a constant speed from no load to full load in synchronism with line
frequency. The stator contains 3 phase windings and is supplied with 3 phase power. Thus,
stator winding produces a 3 phased rotating Magnetic- Field. DC supply is given to the rotor.
 The rotor enters into the rotating Magnetic-Field produced by the stator winding and rotates in
synchronization. Now, the speed of the motor depends on the frequency of the supplied
current. If the load greater than breakdown load is applied, the motor gets desynchronized. 

• Skoda superb iV also

consists of the same three
phase permanent magnet
synchronous motor and the
working of it also given
above.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Hyundai Kona:
 This vehicle consists of Permanent magnet synchronous motor as its electric motor.
 The permanent magnet synchronous motors are one of the types of AC synchronous motors,
where the field is excited by permanent magnets that generate sinusoidal back EMF. It contains
a rotor and stator same as that of an induction motor, but a permanent magnet is used as a
rotor to create a magnetic field.
 Working principle: The permanent magnet synchronous motor working principle is similar to
the synchronous motor. It depends on the rotating magnetic field that generates electromotive
force at synchronous speed. When the stator winding is energized by giving the 3-phase supply,
a rotating magnetic field is created in between the air gaps.
 Working: The working of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is very simple, fast, and
effective when compared to conventional motors. The working of PMSM depends on the
rotating magnetic field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the rotor. The
permanent magnets are used as the rotor to create constant magnetic flux, operates and locks
at synchronous speed. These types of motors are similar to brushless DC motors

 Tata Nexon, Audi A3 e-tron and Hyundai Ioniq all

three cars use same Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM), their working principle and working
are given.

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• Advantages and Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor:
Advantages Disadvantages
 Using synchronous motor is the ability to  Synchronous motors requires dc excitation
control the power factor which must be supplied from external sources
 In synchronous motor the speed remains  Synchronous motors are inherently not self
constant irrespective of the loads starting motors and needs some arrangement
for its starting and synchronizing

 Synchronous motors can be constructed  Synchronous motors cannot be started on

with wider air gaps than induction motors load. Its starting torque is zero
which makes these motors mechanically more
stable

 An over excited synchronous motor can  Synchronous motors cannot be useful for
have leading power factor and can be applications requiring frequent starting or
operated in parallel to induction motors and high starting torques required
other lagging power factor loads thereby
improving the system power factor

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Seminar: Electric Vehicles and their Energy
Storage devices

Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Systems

B.Tech. in Automotive Engineering

Team members:
Amogh V – 18ETAE013001
Koushik R – 18ETAE013007
Lohith D – 18ETAE013008

Mentor:
Mr. V. R. Kiran
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Introduction to Electric Storage Systems
• An electric vehicle’s traction battery pack’s main function is to store energy
gathered from the grid during charging. This energy is then used to power the
vehicle’s motor and all other electrical components.
• Almost all EVs on the road today utilize lithium-ion batteries within their
traction battery pack, as they have one of the highest energy densities of any
battery available. Lithium-ion batteries also produce larger currents and
require little maintenance compared to other battery types. Some EVs also
feature an auxiliary battery that strictly powers vehicle accessories rather than
drawing from the traction battery pack to power all components.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Types and need for Energy storage systems in Electric
Vehicles
Electric vehicles can have three different types of on-board energy storage systems:
• Electrochemical energy
• Static energy
• Kinetic energy
Need for Energy storage:
• We need a secure, reliable electric supply. We also need to make more use of
renewable energy resources, such as solar and wind, to reduce our reliance on non-
renewable fossil fuels such as oil and gas.
• When braking, some of the wheels’ kinetic energy is transformed into electrical energy
and stored in the battery. This energy is then available to use when the car accelerates
again.
• Batteries are the energy storage means for EVs. Specific energy and specific power of
electrochemical batteries are generally much smaller than those of gasoline. A large
number of batteries are required to assure a desired level of performance, which leads
to an increase in the vehicle weight, cost and the degradation of vehicle performance.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Electric cars and its storage system

• Lithium ion battery

MG ZS EV, Tata Nexon, Audi A3 e-tron, Skoda superb
IV
• Lithium ion polymer battery
Hyundai sonata, Hyundai Kona, Hyundai ionic
• Nickel metal hydride battery
Toyota RAV 4, Toyota Prius

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Lithium ion battery
• A lithium-ion battery is a family of rechargeable battery types in which
lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode
during discharge and back when charging. Unlike lithium primary batteries
(which are disposable), lithium-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium
compound as the electrode material instead of metallic lithium.
• The anode is graphite, the cathode is an oxide (LiCoO2), and the alternating
layers of anode and cathode are separated by a porous polymer separator,
which is generally made of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), or a
laminate of PP and PE. In all cases a critical feature of the separator is a
controlled amount and uniform size of porosity in the separator.
• The electrolyte consists of an organic solvent and dissolved lithium salt, it
provides the media for Li ion transport. Lithium ions move from the anode
to the cathode during discharge

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Advantages Disadvantages
High energy efficiency Relatively expensive
High power density Safety issue
Low self discharge rate Weak recovery
Good life cycle Nominal 3-h charge

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Lithium ion polymer battery
• A lithium polymer battery, or lithium-ion polymer battery is a rechargeable
battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of a liquid
electrolyte. High conductivity semisolid (gel) polymers form this electrolyte.
• Just as with other lithium-ion cells, LiPos work on the principle of intercalation
and de-intercalation of lithium ions from a positive electrode material and a
negative electrode material, with the liquid electrolyte providing a conductive
medium. To prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly, a
microporous separator is in between which allows only the ions and not the
electrode particles to migrate from one side to the other.
• When it comes to weight, Lithium is the lightest metal; thus, the battery wins
over other batteries. Besides, it provides great electrochemical potential and
weight's energy density. It is a safe battery providing you follow the precautions
while charging or discharging. Furthermore, Lipo needs low maintenance than
other batteries.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 • Advantages
• Energy density -Lithium- ion polymer has twice energy density to a standard battery.
They have been ranked as the highest, providing density in the technology of cells.
• Lack of memory effect- Memory effect is a process when recurring charge or
discharge cycles result in a battery to lower the capacity. The lithium-ion polymer
has no memory effect, a common effect in Ni-MH and Ni-Cd technologies.
• Low maintenance - Lithium-ion polymer batteries require little maintenance than
other batteries. Therefore, they do not need cycling to maintain the life cycle.
• Disadvantages
• Overheating -Regardless of its superior technology, lithium-ion has disadvantages.
The batteries can overheat, thus get destroyed at high voltages.
• Safety mechanisms - Li-ion polymer needs safe mechanisms to reduce internal
pressure and voltage. These problems tend to reduce performance as well as
increase weight.
• Fragile - Li-po is fragile and needs a protection circuit in order to increase safe
operation. The In-built protection circuit does not allow the cell voltage to drop
during discharge.
• Ageing - Ageing is a serious problem that manufacturers are not talking about the
concern. Lipo batteries are subjected to getting old.
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Nickel- metal hydride battery
• A Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery system is an energy storage system based
on electrochemical charge/discharge reactions that occur between a positive
electrode (cathode) that contains nickel oxide-hydroxide as the active material
and a negative electrode (anode) that is composed of a hydrogen-absorbing
alloy.
• The electrodes are separated by a permeable membrane which allows for
electron and ionic flow between them and is immersed in an electrolyte that is
made up of aqueous potassium hydroxide that undergoes no significant changes
during operation.
• The negative electrode reaction occurring in a
NiMH cell is
H2O + M + e− ⇌ OH− + MH
• On the positive electrode, nickel oxyhydroxide,
NiO(OH), is formed:
Ni(OH)2 + OH− ⇌ NiO(OH) + H2O + e−

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Advantage
30 - 40 % higher capacity over a standard Ni-Cd.
The Nickel Metal Hydride Battery has potential for yet higher energy densities.
Less prone to memory than the Ni-Cd.
Periodic exercise cycles are required less often.
Simple storage and transportation - transportation conditions are not subject to regulatory
control.
Environmentally friendly - contains only mild toxins;
Disadvantages
Limited service life - if repeatedly deep cycled, especially at high load currents, the
performance starts to deteriorate after 200 to 300 cycles.
Limited discharge current - although a Nickel Metal Hydride Battery is capable of delivering
high discharge currents, repeated discharges with high load currents reduces the battery
cycle life.
High self-discharge - the Nickel Metal Hydride Battery has about 50 percent higher self-
discharge compared to the Ni-Cd..
Performance degrades if stored at elevated temperatures - the Nickel Metal Hydride
Battery should be stored in a cool place and at a state-of-charge of about 40 %
High maintenance - battery requires regular full discharge to prevent crystalline formation.
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Seminar: Electronic Controls in Electric
Vehicles

Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Systems

B.Tech. in Automotive Engineering

Team members:
Amogh V – 18ETAE013001
Koushik R – 18ETAE013007
Lohith D – 18ETAE013008

Mentor:
Mr. V. R. Kiran
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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 What is Electronic Control?
• An electronic control unit (ECU) is a small
device in a vehicle’s body that is
responsible for controlling a specific
function.
• Today’s vehicles may contain 100 ECUs or
more, controlling functions that range
from the essential (such as engine and
power steering control) to comfort (such
as power windows, seats and HVAC), to
security and access (such as door locks
and keyless entry). ECUs also control
passive safety features, such as airbags,
and even basic active safety features,
such as automatic emergency braking.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Types of ECU
• Engine Control Module: With its sensors, the ECM ensures
the amount of fuel and ignition timing necessary to get the
most power and economy out of the engine.
• Brake Control Module: Used in vehicles with ABS, the BCM
makes sure that the wheels are not skidding and
determine when to trigger braking and let go of the brake
to ensure the wheels don’t lock up.
• Transmission Control Module: Used on an automatic
vehicle, the TCM ensures you get the smoothest shifts
possible by assessing the engine RPM and acceleration of
the car.
• Telematic Control Module: Another one with the same
abbreviation this TCU ensures the car onboard services are
up and running. It controls the satellite navigation and
Internet and phone connectivity of the vehicle.
• Suspension Control Module: Present in Cars with active
suspension systems, the SCM ensures the correct ride
height and optimal changes to suspension depending on
the driving condition. 36
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Electric drive power and Control electronics module
The electric drive power and control electronics module is installed in the engine bay on
the right-hand side and has the following components:
• Electric drive control unit
• Drive motor inverter
• Voltage converter
• Intermediate circuit capacitor
• AC compressor fuse
• Connections for high-voltage lines
• Connections for 12 volt electrical system
• Coolant connections

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Electric drive control unit J841
• The electric drive control unit J841 monitors the rotor speed and position of the
electric drive motor V141 using drive motor rotor position sensor 1 G713. The
temperature of the electric drive motor V141 is monitored by the drive motor
temperature sensor G712 and relayed to the engine control unit J623.
• The electric drive control unit J841 monitors component temperatures by means of
temperature sensors in the power and control electronics JX1. The electric drive
control unit sends this information to the engine control unit J623. The engine control
unit uses the information to activate the pump for coolant circulation upstream of the
power and control electronics V508 on demand. The electric drive control unit J841 is
networked with the other control units via the powertrain CAN and hybrid CAN
• The electric drive control unit is found is various electric vehicles such as Audi A3 e-
tron, Skoda Superb IV

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Voltage converter A19
• The voltage converter A19 is a DC/DC
converter and converts the 352 volt DC voltage
to the low DC voltage (12 volts) of the vehicle's
electrical system.
• A pulse inverter converts the voltage of the
high-voltage battery to a voltage of 12 volts.
The voltage is transmitted to the 12-volt
electrical system by coil induction (galvanic
isolation). As a result, there is no conductive
connection between the high-voltage system
and the 12-volt electrical system.
• Voltage converter is found in many electric
vehicles.

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Intermediate circuit capacitor
• A further component in the power and electric
drive control electronics module JX1 is the
intermediate circuit capacitor 1 C25. Its task is to
stabilize the voltage. Voltage fluctuations can
occur for example at start-up or at kick-down
(boost). The intermediate circuit capacitor 1 C25 is
discharged actively and passively at terminal 15
"off" or if the high-voltage system is disabled due
to a crash signal. Passive discharge means that the
intermediate circuit capacitor 1 C25 is discharged
through a high-ohmic resistor between HV
positive and HV negative. In the case of active
discharge, a high ohmic resistor is connected. This
ensures that intermediate circuit capacitor 1 C25
is discharged in the least possible time.
DC Link Capacitors in Electric
Vehicles

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©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
 Electronic Controllers
• The electric vehicle controller is the electronics package that operates between
the batteries and the motor to control the electric vehicle‘s speed and
acceleration much like a carburetor does in a gasoline-powered vehicle. The
controller transforms the battery’s direct current into alternating current (for AC
motors only) and regulates the energy flow from the battery. Unlike the
carburetor, the controller will also reverse the motor rotation (so the vehicle can
go in reverse), and convert the motor to a generator (so that the kinetic energy
of motion can be used to recharge the battery when the brake is applied).
• In the early electric vehicles with DC motors, a simple variable-resistor-type
controller controlled the acceleration and speed of the vehicle. With this type of
controller, full current and power was drawn from the battery all of the time. At
slow speeds, when full power was not needed, a high resistance was used to
reduce the current to the motor. With this type of system, a large percentage of
the energy from the battery was wasted as an energy loss in the resistor. The
only time that all of the available power was used was at high speeds.
• Modern controllers adjust speed and acceleration by an electronic process called
pulse width modulation. Switching devices such as silicone-controlled rectifiers
rapidly interrupt (turn on and turn off) the electricity flow to the motor.
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 • The controllers on most vehicles also have a
system for regenerative braking. Regenerative
braking is a process by which the motor is used
as a generator to recharge the batteries when
the vehicle is slowing down. During regenerative
braking, some of the kinetic energy normally
absorbed by the brakes and turned into heat is
converted to electricity by the motor/controller
and is used to re-charge the batteries.
Regenerative braking not only increases the
range of an electric vehicle by 5 - 10%, it also
decreases brake wear and reduces maintenance
cost.

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 Types of Electric Controllers
• AC : AC Motor Controllers and Drives are electronic
devices that modify the input power to motors by
typically adjusting the frequency of the power to the
motor for the purpose of regulating the output speed
and torque.
• DC: DC motor controllers and drives are used primarily
to control motor speeds and torques for machine tools,
electric vehicles, pumps, etc. The controller, commonly
integrated with the drive circuits, supplies the control
signals to the drive.
• Servo Motor: Controllers and Drives are electronic
devices that modify the input power by adjusting the
constant or alternating current source to a pulsed,
current output of varying pulse duration or frequency. 
• Stepper Motor: Controllers and Drives are electronic
devices that modify the input power by adjusting the
constant or alternating current source to a pulsed, or
"stepped," current output. 43
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 Conclusion
• Electric Vehicles are the future
• The progress that the electric vehicle industry has seen in recent years is
extremely welcomed and highly necessary in the context of the increasing global
greenhouse gas levels. The benefits of electric vehicles far surpass the costs. The
biggest obstacle to the widespread adoption of electric-powered transportation
is cost related, as gasoline and the vehicles that run on it are readily available,
convenient, and less costly.
• Each person can make a difference, so go electric and help make a difference!

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 Conclusion
• There are a lot of necessary things that need to be known about the working of
electric cars. These include the energy storage types used in electric vehicles, the
motors used in EVs and the types of electronic controls used within the vehicle.
• Additionally, the realization and success of this industry relies heavily on the global
population, and it is our hope that through mass marketing and environmental
education programs people will feel empowered to drive an electric-powered vehicle.
It is necessary for everyone to know about the importance of electric vehicles for a
better future.

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