Telecommunication &

Networking
Presented to Dr. Firas Al-Shalabi
Prepared by :

Eng.Omar Arabyat
Eng. Saleh Al – Naimat
Eng. Jafar Al-Dawod

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 Agenda

 Definitions
 Networking Basics
 Network Topologies
 Guided and Unguided Media
 Telecom Hardware

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 Introduction
 Computer network
 a a communications, data exchange, and
resource-sharing system created by linking two
or more computers and establishing standards,
or protocols, so that they can work together
 Telecommunication system - enable the
transmission of data over public or private
networks (voice, data, graphics, video…)

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 Telecommunications - voice
 Voice communications require:
1. A source device
2. A switching system
3. A data channel
4. A destination device
 The line remains open for the duration
of the call
 Requires a dedicated connection

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 Telecommunications - data

 Data communications – data traffic

 Data traffic on the Internet doubles every
100 days.
 Does not “grab the line” during
transmission
 Uses packet switching technology

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 Ways to describe a network…
 Type of traffic (voice or data)
 Type of signal (analog or digital)
 Type of transmission mode (Simplex…)
 Geographic area covered (LAN, WAN...)
 Architecture - peer-to-peer, client/server
 Physical topology (Bus, Star…)
 Protocols - Ethernet, Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Transmission medium (guided or unguided)

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 Types of Signals
 Analog
 continuous sine wave over a certain frequency range
 positive voltage = 1
 negative voltage = 0
 Digital
 discrete burst of electric energy
 on = 1
 off = 0
 Most phone lines use analog signaling (why??)

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 Converting Signals

 Computers can only process digital

signals

 If data is transmitted using analog

signaling over a phone line, it must be
converted into a digital signal before the
computer can process it……

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9
 Modems

 MOdulation - converting digital signals

into analog form

 DEModulation - converting analog signals

back into digital form

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 Transmission Modes

 Performance can be measured by the

mode of the connection.
 Simplex transmission, messages can be
carried in only one direction.
 Half-duplex, messages can be carried in both
directions just not simultaneously.
 Full-duplex, messages can be carried in both
directions simultaneously.

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 NETWORKING BASICS – the area
covered

 The network industry refers to nearly every type of

network as an “area network”:
 Personal Area Network (PAN) - interconnects people and
devices in a very small area (e.g. your home)
 Local Area Network (LAN) - connects network devices over a
relatively short distance
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - interconnects users in
a geographic area or region larger than a local area network,
but smaller than a wide area network
 Wide Area Network (WAN) – is a geographically dispersed
telecommunications network

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Local Area Network (LAN) Basics

 A networked office building, school, or

home usually contains a single LAN

 Sometimes one building will contain a few

small LANs, and occasionally a LAN will
span a group of nearby buildings

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 Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN) Basics

 A MAN connects an area larger than a LAN

but smaller than a WAN, such as a city
 Example: A university or college may have a
MAN that joins together many of their local
area networks situated around its campus
 From their MAN they could have several wide
area network links to other universities or the
Internet

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 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Basics
 A WAN like the Internet spans most of the world

 A WAN is a geographically dispersed

telecommunications network

 A WAN may be privately owned or rented, but

the term implies the inclusion of public networks

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NETWORKING BASICS

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 Architecture

 There are two primary types of

architectures
 Peer-to-peer (P2P) network
 Client/server network

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 Peer-to-peer Network
 Peer-to-peer
(P2P) network -
any network
without a central
file server and in
which all computers
in the network have
access to the public
files located on all
other workstations
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 Client/Server Network
 Client - a computer that is designed to
request information from a server
 Server - a computer that is dedicated to
providing information in response to
external requests
 Client/server network - model for
applications in which the bulk of the back-end
processing takes place on a server, while the
front-end processing is handled by the clients
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 Client/Server Networks

 Client/Server network

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 Client/Server Networks
 Network operating system (NOS) - the operating
system that runs a network, steering information
between computers and managing security and
users

 Packet-switching - occurs when the sending

computer divides a message into a number of
efficiently sized units called packets, each of which
contains the address of the destination computer

 Router - an intelligent connecting device that

examines each packet of data it receives and then
decides which way to send it onward toward its
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 PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES

 Physical topology - the actual physical organization of

the computers on the network and its connections

 There are five principal topologies used in LANs:

1. Bus topology - all devices are connected to a central cable
2. Star topology - all devices are connected to a hub
3. Ring topology - all devices are connected to one another in a closed
loop
4. Tree topology – combines the characteristics of the bus and star
topologies
5. Wireless topology - all devices are connected by a receiver/transmitter
to a special network interface card that transmits signals between a
computer and a server; all within an acceptable transmission range
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Topology

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 LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES (protocols)

 Protocol - a standard that specifies the format of data

as well as the rules to be followed during transmission

 A communication protocol is essentially a set of codes or

conventions used for facilitating communications
between hardware and software.

 Interoperability - the capability of two or more

computer systems to share data and resources, even
though they are made by different manufacturers

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 Protocol – how it works
 common set of rules that allow different
components in a network to talk to each other
 handshaking protocol
 identify each device
 secure attention of other device
 transmission protocol
 verify correct receipt of message
 send re-transmit message if necessary
 recover error and re-transmit

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 Some Protocols
 Ethernet - a physical and data layer technology for LAN
networking
 IP or Internet Protocol directs packets on the
Internet.
 TCP or Transmission control protocol puts the
packets in their correct sequence.
 HTTP or hyper text transfer protocol is used to
transmit web pages over the Internet.
 Mobile IP provides IP routing for mobile devices.
 Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP technology to
transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines

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 Transmission Media

 To be sent from one location to another, a signal

must travel along a physical path

 The physical path that is used to carry a signal

between a signal transmitter and a signal receiver
is called the transmission medium

 There are two types of transmission media:

1. Guided - wires
2. Unguided - wireless

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 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

 Guided media (wires) - transmissions

material manufactured so that signals will
be confined to a narrow path and will
behave predictably

 Unguided media – wireless

 Examples include microwaves, infrared light
waves, and radio waves
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 GUIDED MEDIA

 The three most common types of guided

media include twisted-pair wiring, coaxial
cable, and fiber optic cable

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 UNGUIDED MEDIA

 Unguided media – wireless

 Examples include microwaves, infrared light
waves, and radio waves
 natural parts of the Earth’s environment that
can be used as physical paths to carry
electrical signals

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 Microwave Transmitters
 Microwave transmitters and receivers
- commonly used to transmit network
signals over great distances

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 Infrared and Laser Transmitters
 Infrared and laser transmitters - similar to
microwave systems: they use the atmosphere
and outer space as transmission media

 They require a line-of-sight transmission path

 Useful for signaling across short distances where

it is impractical to lay cable

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 Cellular Transmitters
 Cellular transmitters - radio transmissions
and therefore have the advantage of being able
to penetrate solid objects

 A cellular base station is at the center of each

cell

 Cellular devices are configured to operate at low

power to avoid interfering with other cellular
devices in the area

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TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING
DEVICES – the hardware

 Network adapters
 Modems
 Repeaters
 Wiring concentrators, hubs, and switches
 Bridges, routers, and gateways
 Microwave transmitters
 Infrared and laser transmitters
 Cellular transmitters
 Wireless LAN transmitters
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 NETWORKING BASICS

 Bandwidth - indicates how much information

can be carried in a given time period (usually a
second) over a wired or wireless
communications link.
 Measured in megabits per second

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