Ms.

REETA KAUL
Science Facilitator
M. L. KHANNA D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL
At SECTOR-VI, DWARKA, NEW DELHI
M.L.Khanna D.A.V Public
school, Dwarka
Reeta.kaul@davdwarka.in

CHAPTER-
REPRODUCTION
CLASS-10

DAVDWARK/SC./NUTRITIONINANIMALS/CLASS7
REPRODUCTION

The productions of new organisms from the

existing organisms of the same species is
known as reproduction.
IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is essential for survival of a
species on this earth.
Reproduction ensures continuity of life on
earth.
Reproduction introduces variations in the
offspring thus plays a role in evolution.
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION

• There are two main methods of reproduction in living

organisms-------
1. Asexual reproduction
2. Sexual reproduction
The production of a new organism from a single parent
without the involvement of sex cells is called asexual
reproduction
The production of a new organism from two parents by
making use of their sex cells is called sexual
reproduction.
DIFERENT FORMS OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

1. FISSION
a) Binary fission
b) Multiple fission
2. BUDDING
3. SPORE FORMATION
4. REGENERATION
5. FRAGMENTATION
6.VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
FISSION

• In fission, unicellular organism split or divides

into two or more identical parts , each part
later becomes a complete organism.
• Fission is of two types
1. Binary Fission-- In binary fission, the parent
organism splits to form two new organism.
Ex-Amoeba , Paramecium and Leishmania
2. Multiple Fission—In multiple fission the
parent organism splits to form many new
organism at the same time . Ex-Plasmodium
 • In budding a small part of the body of the parent organism
grows out a ‘bud’ which then detaches and becomes a new
BUDDING organism
• Ex-Hydra and yeast
SPORE
FORMATION

• In spore formation , the parent

plant produces hundreds of
microscopic reproductive units
called ‘spores’. When the spore
case of the plant bursts then the
spore spread into air. When
these air borne spores land on
food or soil under favorable
conditions they germinate and
produce new plants
• Ex-Rhizopus , Mucor
REGENERATION

• The process of getting back a full

organism from its body part is
called regeneration
• Ex-Hydra and Planaria
• When Hydra or planaria is cut
into a number of pieces ,each
piece of the body grows into a
new organism.
FRAGMENTATION

• The breaking up of body of a

simple multicellular organism into
two or more pieces on maturing,
each of which subsequently
grows to from a complete new
organism is called fragmentation
• Ex-Spirogyra and Sea anemone
 VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
• In vegetative propagation, new plants are
obtained from parts of old plant like
stem , roots and leaves without the help
of any reproductive organs.
• The green grass grows in the fields after
rain from the dry , old stem of grass plants
present in the fields , by the method of
vegetative propagation
• Bryophyllum plants can be reproduced by
vegetative propagation by using either a
piece of its leaves.
• Money plant can also be grown by
vegetative propagation by using a piece of
its stem.
• A tuber is a thickened , underground stem
or root of a plant which is swollen with
stored food .Potato tuber can be used for
vegetative reproduction of potato plants.
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF PLANTS

• The process of growing many plants from one plant by man made method is called
artificial propagation of plant.
• Ex. Rose, Jasmine, Lemon etc.
• The three common methods for artificial propagation of plants are
1. Cutting
2. Layering
3. Grafting
CUTTING AND LAYERING

• Cutting- Cutting are short pieces of the plant which could be a stem, root or
leaf. When these are placed in moist soil with suitable conditions, they
develop roots and shoots and grows into a new plant.

• Layering- In this a flexible branch of the stem is

trimmed to its side branches and leaves. The branch is
bent to the ground level and buried about 5-8 cm
beneath the soil leaving the tip exposed above the
soil. After some time, the roots grow from the branch
into the soil. Now this plant can be cut from the
parent plant and made to grow as a new independent
plant.
GRAFTING

• Grafting-It is a technique of joining a part of

one plant on to a different plant so that they
unite and grow as one plant.
• The supporting portion of the plant is called
stock and the part of plant grafted on is
called scion.
• The stock is always a plant which is resistant
to diseases and has a deep system for
absorbing water and minerals and the scion
is better yield giving plant.
• Grafting is done in a way that cambium of
scion is in direct contact with the cambium
of stock and they grow as on plant.
• The new plant has the root system of stock
and the shoot system of scion.
ADVANTAGES OF
VEGETATVE
PROPAGATION
• It is an easier, less expensive and rapid way
of producing new plants.
• The plants that cannot produce viable seeds
like banana, pineapple, grapes and rose can
be easily grown by vegetative propagation.
• The plants produced by vegetative
propagation bear flowers and fruits much
earlier than produced by seeds.
• Superior quality fruits or flowers can be
produced by method of grafting.
• Vegetative propagation takes much less time
and so is highly suitable for plants that have
small number of seeds and long period of
seed dormancy.
LIMITATIONS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
1. It does not produce new varieties.

2. It leads to overcrowding around the main plant leading to

competition for food and space.

3. Undesirable characters are transmitted from one generation to

another.

4. Diseases contracted by the parent plant are transmitted to daughter

plants.
 POST READING WORKSEET
Q1. The process by which organisms are able to produce new organisms of their own is _______.
Ans. Reproduction.
Q2. In jasmine, vegetative propagation is by ____________.
Ans. Grafting
Q3. In grafting the portion of plant grafted on plant is called_________while the plant in which grafting is done is called________.
Ans. Stock, scion
Q4. Stamen consist of __________and ____________.
Ans. Anther and filament
Q5. During pollination, pollen grains get carried to which part of the carpel.
Ans. Style
Q6. The part of the flower forms the fruit_______.
Ans. Ovary
Q7. The fusion of male and female gamete is _________.
Ans. Pollination
 1. Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves two
individuals belonging to two different sexes. Male and Female are
the two sexes that take part in this mode of reproduction.

2. Sexual reproduction is a highly evolved process. It involves the

Sexual fusion of gametes from two different parents and result in the
formation of a new organism genetically different from the parent.

reproductio
n 3. ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION---------
* It results in new combination of genes brought in the zygote. This
increases genetic variations and diversity of characters.
* Variations favors evolution and play an important role in origin of
new species.
* It maintains chromosome number in future generations.
 • Gonads------ Gonads are the reproductive or sex organs that produce gametes.
• Gametes----- These are specialized cells produced from gonads as a result of meiotic division
they are of two types-
Sperms—male gamete or male sex cell.
Ova ----Female gametes or female sex cells.

SOME • Fertilization—--- The fusion of male and female gamete to form Zygote is called fertilization.

IMPORTA
NT TERMS
External fertilization---- When the fertilization takes place outside the body of
organism, it is called external fertilization.
Internal fertilization----- When fertilization takes place inside the body of female, it is
called internal fertilization.

• Zygote ------- Zygote is a single cell structure formed by the fusion of a sperm with an egg.
The fertilized ovum is called zygote. It is diploid in nature.
• Pollination----The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWER

• The flowering plants reproduce by

sexual reproduction method.
• The reproductive organs of a plant
are in its flowers.
• The function of a flower is to make
male and female gametes.
PARTS OF A FLOWER

• The main parts of a flower are-----

1. Receptacle
2. Sepals
3. Petals
4. Stamen
5. Carpel
Types of flowers

1. Unisexual flower –A flower that has

either stamen or carpel. e.g . Papaya.

---When only stamen are present, it is said to

be a male flower.
---When only carpel are present, it is said to be
a female flower.

2. Bisexual flower --- A flower that has both

stamens and carpel. e.g. China rose
POLLINATION

• The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of

a stamen to the stigma of a carpel is called
pollination.
• Types of pollination---
1. Self Pollination—It is the transfer of pollen
grains from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower or of another flower of the
same plant .
2. Cross pollination ---It is the transfer of
pollen grains from the anther of one plant
to the stigma of another flower of another
plant of the same species.
FERTILIZATION IN
PLANTS
• The fusion of male and female gametes to form zygote is called
fertilization.
• After pollination, fertilization occurs in plants. The main events, that
lead to fertilization are—
• Immediately after pollination , as pollen grains land on stigma, they
give rise to pollen tubes.
• One pollen tube grows through the style and reaches the ovary where
ovules are located.
• Each pollen grain has two male gamete.
• Pollen tube enters the ovules through a small opening called the
micropyle.
• On reaching the ovary, the pollen tube releases two male gamete into
the embryo sac of ovule.
• One male gamete fuses with the egg cell of the ovule and produces a
zygote.
• Other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei in the ovule and
form endosperm.
Germination of Pollen on
stigma
*
POST FERTILIZATION CHANGES

• Post fertilization changes result in the

formation of seeds.
• Zygote divides several times to form an
embryo within the ovule.
• Embryo possesses a radicle , a plumule
and cotyledons to store food.
• Ovule changes into seed. Ovary wall
forms the fruit wall.
• Ovary changes into fruit. The wall of
ovule forms the protective seed coat.
• Other parts of the flower like sepals,
petals, stamens, style an stigma fall off.
SEED GERMINATON

• A seed is the reproductive unit of a plant.

• The seed contains a baby plant and food for the baby
plant.
• The part of baby plant in seed which develops into
shoot with leaves is called plumule
• The part which develops into root is called radicle.
• The part of seed which contains stored food for the
baby plant is called cotyledon.
• The baby plant inside a seed is in the dominant state.
• When the seed gets suitable conditions like water, air
and warmth etc. , it germinates and a new plant
grows out of the seed.
• The process of development of seedling from a seed
is called germination.
QUIZ ON GOGLE FORM
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/10nXe0iLf01VqNhu2heyZ2taGAJ7fnp
YWc3N9_aes7g4/edit
Padlet------

LINK OF VIDE0 https://padlet.com/reetakaul/5366ihu625rlkaq3

https://wordwall.net/resource/5086767/reproduction-
organisms

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Nozrfqi5ZPk3MIgqPoyLi9jOJgOMh
MUm/view?usp=sharing
 REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN
BEINGS
• The reproductive system in human is highly evolved.
• The structures associated with reproduction are different in males and females. They constitute male reproductive system and
female reproductive system respectively. The male and female reproductive systems consist of different organs.
• PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEX ORGANS----
• The primary sex organs are gonads. They produce gametes and secrete sex hormones.
• The gonads in male are testes. These produce male gametes, the sperm and male hormone- testosterone .
• The gonads in female are ovaries. These produce female gamete , the ova and female hormone- estrogn and
• progesterone.
• The secondary sex organs both in male and female include the genital ducts and glands which help in transportation of gametes
and the reproductive process.
• PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS
• Primary sexual characters are those characters which are present since birth, whereas secondary sexual characters develop at
puberty.
 PUBERTY
• The age at which the sex hormones begin to be produced and the boy and girl become sexually mature is called puberty.
• The various changes in boys and girls are------------
THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

1. Testes- are paired gonads that produce the male gametes, sperms and
secrete the male hormone testosterone.
2. Epididymis and Vas deference- The sperms formed in testes come out and
go into a coiled tube called epididymis. The sperms gets stored temporarily
in epididymis. From epididymis , the sperms are carried by a long tube
called vas deference (sperm duct)
3. Urethra- It is a tube about 20 cm in length. Urethra is a common tube
through which both urine and sperms are expelled out of the body.
4. Penis- It is a muscular and erectile organ of man. On being stimulated, the
tissues of the penis get filled with blood making the penis erect and firm to
discharge sperms.
5. Seminal vesicle and prostrate glands- The function of seminal vesicle is to
store sperms and to produce viscous fluid which stimulates uterine
contraction to help sperms move forward into the fallopian tubes of
female. Prostrate gland secretes a milky fluid which helps in the mobility of
sperms.
SPERMS AND SEMEN

• Sperms- are male gametes. They are tiny

bodies formed in seminiferous tubules in large
number. It mainly consist three parts.
• Head
• Middle piece
• Tail
• Semen- It is a mixture of mature sperms and
secretions of various accessary glands.About
2.5-4 ml semen is ejaculated in each
ejaculation, which contains 3-4 hundred
million sperms.
THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Female reproductive system consists of following parts-----
• Ovaries-There are a pair of ovaries present in the abdominal
cavity near the kidneys. They produce the female sex cells or
ova and secrete the sex hormones, estrogen and
progesterone.
• Fallopian tube or Oviduct- There are two fallopian tubes, one
on each side near the ovary. These are not attached to ovaries
but have a funnel shaped opening to receive the eggs as they
mature. These tubes carry the eggs from ovary to the uterus.
The fertilization of egg by a sperm takes place in the oviduct.
• Uterus- The two fallopian tubes open into a thick walled
muscular organ called uterus. The growth and development of
a fertilized egg into a baby takes place in the uterus. The lower
tip of uterus is called the cervix.
• Vagina-Uterus opens into a narrower tubular structure called
vagina. Vagina receives the sperms of the male during mating
and serves as a birth canal during the birth of a child.
 SEXUAL CYCLE IN FEMALES

• OVULATION - The release of an ovum from an ovary is called ovulation.

• MENSTRUATION- It is marked by the break down of the lining of uterus. The lining along with blood vessels gets
slashed off and is discharged from vagina as menstrual flow. Uterine bleeding, called menstruation, usually lasts for 4-6
days.

• MENARCH– The beginning of menstruation at puberty is termed as menarche or the first monthly period or menstruation
is called menarche. Normally it occurs between 10- 12 years,
• MENOPAUSE– At the age of 50-55, the ovulation stops and the menstrual cycle is permanently discontinued. The
ovarian as well as uterine cycle stops is known as menopause. After menopause the female loses the ability to reproduce.
• REPRODUCTIVE LIFE– The period between menarche and menopause i.e. between 10- 50 years is called the normal
reproductive life of human female.
FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF
AN EMBRYO
*
PLACENTA
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ZYGOTE,
EMBRYO AND FOETUS
Zygote Embryo Foetus
A zygote is formed by the fusion of An embryo is formed by the A fetus is formed by the growth
male and female gametes. repeated cell division of a zygote. and development of an embryo.

A zygote is the beginning of the An embryo is an unborn baby in A fetus is an unborn baby in the
formation of a baby. the uterus in the early stages of uterus in the later stages of
development ( up to 8 weeks) development.( after 8 weeks till
birth )
A zygote is a single cell. It is smaller An embryo is multicellular. The A fetus is also multicellular. The
than a full stop. body features of growing baby in body features of developing baby
the embryo are not much like hands, legs , head, eyes can be
developed. identified.
 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
• Reproductive health means a total well –being in all aspects of reproduction i. e. physical, emotional, social
and behavioral.
• The guideline about the knowledge of reproduction and reproductive health. It is the moral right of every
human being to know about:
• Overpopulation, its ill effects and need to control it.
• Knowledge of reproductive organs and sexually transmitted diseases.
• Sex education and awareness about reproduction.
• Birth control devices.
• Care of mother and child.
• Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crimes.
BIRTH CONTROL/ FAMILY PLANNING

• The family planning program me is being run by the government to create awareness and to attain the
following objectives------
• To avoid unwanted pregnancy
• To have proper time gap between two pregnancies.
• To limit the number of children in the family.
• To maintain a balance between home economy and size of the family.
• To provide total welfare of the small family including nutrition of the child and of the pregnant woman.
• Subsequent care of the child by immunization to ensure his\ her survival.
 METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNINGS
• Contraception methods-
• Barrier Methods- Some physical device is used to prevent the entry of sperms in the female genital
tract. These devices are available for both males and females. These are condom, diaphragm, copper
–T.
• Chemical methods- These are specific drugs used by females in the form of oral pills or vaginal pills.
The oral pills contain hormones which stop the ovaries from releasing ovum into the oviduct . The
vaginal pills contain the chemicals called spermicides which kills the sperms.
• Surgical methods-are available for both male as well as female.
• Vasectomy- is performed in males. In this method a small incision is made in the side of the scrotum
and a portion of vas deferens is removed and both the cut ends are ligated. This prevent the sperms
to move into urethra.
• Tubectomy- is a tubal ligation and is adopted in a female. In this process a small portion of fallopian
tubes is removed and the cut ends are ligated, This prevents the ovulated eggs to enter into the
uterus.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• STD spread by sexual contact with infected persons.

• GONORRHEA
• SYPHILIS
• GENITAL WARTS
• AIDS
Thank
you

• Have a great day

• https://wordwall.net/play/5118/784/888