UNIT-4
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGE
• New information systems can be powerful instruments for
organizational change, enabling organizations to redesign
their structure, scope, power relationships, work flows,
products, and services
• Information technology can promote various degrees of
organizational change. It shows the four kinds of structural
organizational change Which are enabled by in formation
technology: automation, rationalization, reengineering, and
paradigm shifts. Each carries different rewards and risks.
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGE
Information Organizational Change
Technology
Global networks International division of labor: the operations of a firm are no longer
determined by location; the global reach of firms is extended; costs of
global Coordination decline. Transaction costs decline.
Enterprise networks Collaborative work and teamwork: the organization of work can now be
coordinated across divisional boundaries; a customer and product
orientation emerges; widely dispersed task forces become the dominant
work group. The costs of management (agency costs) decline Business
processes are changed.
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGE
Information Technolog Organizational Change
Distributed computing Empowerment: individuals and work groups now have the information
and knowledge to act. Business processes are redesigned, streamlined.
Management costs decline. Hierarchy and centralization decline.
Portable computing Virtual organizations: work is no longer tied to geographic location.
Knowledge and information can be delivered anywhere they are
needed, anytime. Work becomes
BUSINESS PROCESS REDESIGN
• The term business process redesign refers to a complete overhaul of a company's key business process
with the objective of achieving a quantum jump in performance measures such as return on
investment (ROI), cost reduction, and quality of service.
• Steps in Business Process Redesign
• Define Business Processes. Map the current state (work activities, workflows, roles and reporting
relationships, supporting technology, business rules, etc.).
• Analyze Business Processes. Identify gaps, root causes, strategic disconnects, etc. in the context of
improving organizational effectiveness, operational efficiency and in achieving organizational strategic
objectives.
BUSINESS PROCESS REDESIGN
• Identify and Analyze Improvement Opportunities. Identify, analyze and validate opportunities to address the
gaps and root causes identified during analysis. This step also includes identifying and validating improvement
opportunities that are forward facing.
• Design Future State Processes. Select the improvement opportunities identified above that have the most impact
on organizational effectiveness, operational efficiency, and that will achieve organizational strategic objectives.
• Develop Future State Changes. New workflows and procedures need to be designed and communicated,
new/enhanced functionality is developed and tested, etc. Changes and opportunities cannot be implemented until
they are operationalized.
• Implement Future State Changes. Classic implementation based on dependencies among
changes/opportunities, change management, project management, performance monitoring, etc.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System Analysis may be understood as a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying problems
and using the information to recommend improvement in the system. In other terms systems analysis means
identification, understanding and examining the system for achieving predetermined goals for the system.
System analysis is carried out with following objectives
1) To know how as system currently operates
2) To identify the user’s requirements in the proposed system
Requirement Determination is translating the ideas given by the user into a formal document and thus
bridging the communication gaps. Detail activities of requirement determination are
3) Understanding the process
4) Identifying data used and information generated
5) Determine frequencies, timing and volume
6) Know the performance and controls
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Tools of System Analysis
1) Data flow diagram :- graphical representation of the logical flow of data. It helps in expressing the
system’s requirement in simple understandable form.
2) Data Dictionary is a structured repository of data about data. In other words it is a set of precise and
accurate definition of all DFD, data elements, data structures.
3) Decision tree Data can be represented using graphics representation which look like tree.
4) Decision Tables is a matrix of row and columns that show conditions and actions.
SYSTEM DESIGN
The output of system analysis phase becomes an input in the design phase.
Objectives of design
1) Practicality
2) Flexibility
3) Efficiency
4) Security
Conceptual Design :- It is the conceptual design stage that alternative overall MIS design are conceived and
the best one selected by the system analyst in consultation with the top management.
Conceptual design involves in the following steps
5) Define problem
6) Set system objectives
7) Identify constraints
8) Determine information needs
9) Determine information sources
SYSTEM DESIGN
6) Develop various design
7) Document the conceptual design
8) Prepare report
Detail System Design
As already conceptual design in itself is not the end of the design process; rather it serves as basis for the
detail MIS design
The performance requirement specified by conceptual design becomes inputs to detail design phase, in
which these are further refined, and finalized to be called the system specification
Thus the main objective of the detailed system design is to prepare a blue print of a system that meets the
goals of the conceptual system design requirement. Details system design involves following phases
1) Project planning and control
2) Involve the user
3) Define the detailed sub-system
4) Input/output design
SYSTEM DESIGN
5) Feedback from the user
6) Database Design
7) Procedure Design
8) Design Document
METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING AND
DESIGNING SYSTEM
The two principal methodologies for modeling and designing information systems are structured
methodologies and object-oriented development. Structured methodologies focus on modeling processes and
data separately.
The data flow diagram is the principal tool for structured analysis, and the structure chart is the principal tool
for representing structured software design.
Object-oriented development models a system as a collection of objects that combine processes and data.
Object-oriented modeling is based on the concepts of class and inheritance.
METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING AND
DESIGNING SYSTEM
Object oriented
what is object oriented? Object oriented as basic unit of system
analysis and design. It combines data and specific proses on
those data. Data encapsulated in object can be accessed and
modified only by operations or methods and associated with
that object.
Objects have belong to a certain class and have features of
that class. It may inherit structures and behaviors of a more
general and ancestor class.
By the way, object oriented have more iterative and incremental
than traditional structure development. It continue with three
steps too and there are system analysis, design phase and
implementation.
Because of the object reusable, object oriented development
can potentially reduce time and cost of development.
METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING AND
DESIGNING SYSTEM
Traditional structure:- its separate to many types of structure
like process oriented, data flow diagram, data dictionary,
process specifications, and structure chat. Structure mean a
technique that we need to follow step by step and its
progressive.
Process oriented is focusing on modeling processes or actions
that manipulate data and can separate the data from process.
Data flow diagram is a primary tool for representing the
system’s component processes and flow of data between them
and it offers logical graphic model of information flow. Other
than that, it’s a high-level and low-level diagrams can be used
to break processes down into successive layers of detail.
METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING AND
DESIGNING SYSTEM
Data dictionary mean defines contents of data flows and data
stores.
Process specifications is describe transformation occurring
within lowest level of the data of data flow diagram.
Structure chart is a top-down chart which showing each level of
design and relationship to other levels and place in overall
design structure.
ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF DEVELOPING
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Traditional Systems Life Cycle
Prototyping
End-User Development
Application Software Packages and Outsourcing
NEW APPROACHES FOR SYSTEM BUILDING IN
THE DIGITAL FIRM ERA
1) Rapid Application Design:- Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a form of agile software development
methodology that prioritizes rapid prototype releases and iterations.
advantages of RAD are:
•Enhanced flexibility and adaptability as developers can make adjustments quickly during the development process.
•Quick iterations that reduce development time and speed up delivery.
•Encouragement of code reuse, which means less manual coding, less room for errors, and shorter testing times.
•Increased customer satisfaction due to high-level collaboration and coordination between stakeholders (developers,
clients, and end users).
•Better risk management as stakeholders can discuss and address code vulnerabilities while keeping development
processes going.
•Fewer surprises as, unlike the Waterfall method, RAD includes integrations early on in the software development
process.
NEW APPROACHES FOR SYSTEM BUILDING IN
THE DIGITAL FIRM ERA
2) Joint application design (JAD) is a process used to collect business requirements while developing new
information systems for a company.
Participants in a JAD Session
The participants involved in a JAD session are as follows
Executive Sponsor
An executive sponsor is the person who drivers the project ─ the system owner. They normally are from higher
positions and are able to make decisions and provide necessary strategy, planning and direction.
Subject Matter Expert
These are the business users and outside experts who are required for a successful workshop. The subject matter
experts are the backbone of the JAD session. They will drive the changes.
Facilitator
He chairs the meeting; he identifies issues that can be solved as part of the meeting. The facilitator does not
contribute information to the meeting.
