Chapter VI Prepared by : Dr. Arnold O.
Adante
The Propaganda Movement
and the Katipunan
The Propaganda Movement and Its Objectives
The Propaganda Movement which began in 1872 was
not a radical movement. It was a peaceful campaign for
reforms geared towards changing the political and
social order in the country under Spanish rule.
Reforms sought by the reformists who came from the
ranks of Filipino ilustrados were:
• Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law;
• Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of
Spain;
• Restoration of Philippines representation in the
Spanish Cortes;
• Filipinization or secularization of Philippine
parishes; and
• Individual liberties for the Filipino people, such as
freedom of speech.
On the basis of the foregoing platform of the reform
movement. Filipino propagandists were envisioning
the total transformation of the country’s political and
social order by attacking the civil, military, and
ecclesiastical abuses committed by the Spanish
authorities against the Filipino people.
The Filipino Propagandists
• Were patriots who waged their movement by
means of pen and tongue to expose the defects of
Spanish rule in the Philippines and the urgency of
reforms to remedy them.
• They were scions of good
families, highly intelligent,
educated, patriotic, and
courageous, who
symbolized the flower of
Filipino manhood.
Triumvirate of the Propaganda Movement
(Rizal, Lopez-Jaena, Del Pilar)
Dr. Jose Rizal: The Novelist
• Was the most highly educated
among the Filipino propagandists.
• Ate the age of 8, he wrote “Sa Aking
Mga Kabata”.
• Obtained his secondary education
at Ateneo Municipal.
• At the age of 26 he wrote his famous literary works,
namely, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
• Rizal became an ardent exponent of reform and
racial equality, the friars tried him on charges of
treason and sedition, sentenced to death by
musketry on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena: The Orator
• Born on December 18, 1856 in
Jaro, Iloilo.
• Studied at the Seminary of Jaro.
• A keen observer, cognizant of the
deplorable conditions of
the country and the sad plight of
the Filipino people.
• Wrote Fray Botod, depicting an immoral and
ignorant, friar named Botod who enriched himself by
exploiting the masses.
• Secretly left Philippines in order to escape
persecution.
• Enrolled in medicine at the University of Valencia in
Spain.
• Together with other expatriates in Spain, Jaena
founded the La Solidaridad.
• First editor of LA SOL.
• Died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896 in
Barcelona, Spain.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
• Born in Bulacan, Bulacan on
August 30, 1850.
• Lawyer, journalist, and a
political analyst.
• Had pre-college education at
the Colegio de San Jose.
• Obtained his law degree at the University of Santo
Tomas in 1880.
• Made campaigns against the misdeeds and excesses
of the Spanish friars and civil officials.
• Went to Europe to escape persecution and joined the
Filipino expatriates in their campaign for reforms.
• Founded the Diariong Tagalog.
• Published articles lambasting the Spanish
authorities and the friars and exposed all injustices
committed by the colonial government.
• Died on July 4, 1896.
The La Solidaridad
• LA SOL, a newsletter (not a
newspaper) founded on
February 15, 1899.
• The organ of the
Associacion La Solidaridad,
founded on December 31,
1888.
Officers of La Solidaridad:
Galiciano Apacible Graciano Lopez-Jaena
President Vice-President
Manuel Sta. Maria Mariano Ponce Jose Maria Panganiban
Secretarty Treasurer Accountant
Dr. Jose Rizal
• Due to unanimous vote of all
members Rizal was chosen to be
the honorary president.
• Rizal wrote a letter to all
members of La Solidaridad on
January 28, 1889.
Aims of La Solidaridad:
• To work peacefully for political
and social reforms.
• To portray the deplorable
conditions of the Philippines and
for Spain to remedy them.
• To oppose the evil forces of reaction and
medievalism.
• To advocate liberal ideas and progress.
• To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino
people to life, democracy, and happiness.
Pennames
Pennames were used to prevent the
Spaniards from discovering the true
identity of the contributors:
Marcelo del Pilar Dr. Jose Rizal
Mariano Ponce
PLARIDEL LAON LAAN/
KALIPULAKO/
DIMASALANG
TIGBALANG
Antonio Luna Jose Ma. Panganiban
TAGA-ILOG JOMAPA
Masonry and the Propaganda Movement
• Masonry played a very crucial role
in the Propaganda Movement:
1. The organization of the reform
movement;
2. Raising of funds needed in
pursuing the reform movement.
• Lopez Jaena founded lodge Revolucion on Arpil 1, 1889
in Barcelona.
• Del Pilar founded the lodge La Solidaridad in Madrid.
• Antonio Luna and Pedro Serrano Laktaw founded
lodge Nilad in the Philippines on January 6, 1891.
Asosacion Hispano-Filipino
• Established by Filipino propagandists
and their Spanish allies (like Spanish
scholars and European statesmen) on
January 12, 1889 in Madrid.
Officers of Asosacion Hispano-Filipino:
Don Miguel Morayta Gen. Felipe de la Corte Dr. Dominador Gomez
President Vice-President Secretary
• The work of the association was divided into
sections, Marcelo Del Pilar taking political section,
Mariano Ponce on literary section, and Tomas Arejola
for recreation section.
Rizal’s Break with Del Pilar
• Rizal was the undisputed leader
of the Filipino expatriates in
Europe;
• Recognized leader of the
propaganda movement;
• But, he had a strong sense of idealism –that Filipinos
should demonstrate a high sense of morality and
dignity and be willing to sacrifice for the country;
• Some of his supporters started to shy away from him
and shift their loyalty to Del Pilar because they felt
that Rizal was intruding on their private lives.
• Del Pilar, on the other hand, was a lawyer by
profession- he was able to buy “LA SOL”;
• And believed that LA SOL was a private enterprise,
which ran conflict of Rizal’s belief that “LA SOL must
be for patriotic cause”;
• To prevent the break-up between the two, a meeting
was held on January 1, 1891; attended by 90 patriots;
• To resolve the conflict, they had to elect a
RESPONSABLE;
• Duties of the Responsable: to direct the affairs of the
Filipino community, to agree on the editorial policy of
LA SOL (Del Pilar disagreed)
La liga Filipina
• While in Hong Kong, Rizal planned to establish La
Liga in thePhilippines upon his return
• Drafted the constitution of the league in Hong Kong,
with the assistance of Jose Ma. Basa
• Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like All)
Aims and objectives of La liga Filipina:
• The unification of the whole archipelago into a
vigorous, compact body
• Mutual protection in every want and necessity
• Defense against all forms of violence
and injustice
• Stimulation of instruction, agriculture, and
commerce
• The undertaking of study and application of
reforms
Organizational Council of La Liga Filipina
Supreme
Provincial
Popular
Composition:
Each council consists of:
1. Chief
2. Fiscal
3. Treasurers
4. Secretary
5. Members
The Supreme council would be composed of
the chiefs of the provincial councils
Membership:
1. Applicant should pass certain tests and
unanimous endorsement by the popular council of
the town he hailed from;
2. Members should pay a monthly due of ten
centavos;
3. Duty-bound to give preferential treatment to other
members in all actions;
4. Duty-bound to patronize the stores of the
members;
5. Expected to recruit a member; and
6. Contribute a piece of work or an observation to the
league.
Privileges:
1. Financial and moral assistance from the council and the
organization;
2. An assurance that fellow members would support him
in his business or profession as long as he did the same to
others;
3. Full support from the La Liga in case of trouble or
injustice;
4. Financial assistance in any business undertaken
when funds were available.
La Liga Filipina
• Rizal founded the La
Liga on July 3, 1892;
• In Calle Ilaya, Tondo;
• In the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco.
Elected Officers of La Liga Filipina:
Ambrosio Salvador Agustin de la Rosa
PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT
Bonifacio Arevalo Deodato Arellano
TREASURER SECRETARY
• Three days after the founding of the league, Rizal
was arrested by order of Gov-Gen Despujol;
• He was deported to Dapitan on July 15, 1892;
• La Liga was split into two:
1. Rightist wing – Cuerpos de Compromisarios
2. Leftist wing – Katipunan
Failure of the Propaganda Movement
1. Spain was very much preoccupied with her own
internal problems and did not have time to consider
the colonial problems aired by the propagandists
through the La Solidaridad;
2. The Friars countered all attacks of the reformers
through their newspaper in the Philippines entitled
La Politica de Espana en Filipinas;
3. Petty quarrels among the reformists made them
disunited;
4. Lack of finances to support the propaganda
activities in Europe led to the failure of the
movement.
THE
KATIPUNAN
The Katipunan
• Armed struggle for freedom of the country;
• With a platform to secure independence from
Spanish tyranny by force;
• A struggle not only for reforms but liberation from
Spain;
• Founded by Andres Bonifacio, a member of the
Katipunan;
• He had seen the futility of the La Liga when Rizal
was arrested and deported to Dapitan.
Andres Bonifacio
• Born on November 30,
1863 to Santiago Bonifacio
and Catalina de Castro;
• Orphaned at early age;
• His made canes and paper
fans to meet their needs;
• Made posters for
commercial firms as he had
fine Penmanship;
• Later employed as a clerk
messenger in the British
commercial firm of Fleming
and Company;
• Was authorized to sell
rattan and other articles
of trade;
• And he was called “The
father of the Philippine
Revolution”;
• Transferred as an agent to Fresell and Company, a
German commercial firm;
• Married at an early age, but did not last long (his
wife died of leprosy);
• In 1892, he met Gregoria de Jesus of Kalookan (2nd
wife);
• Gregoria joined the women’s chapter of the
Katipunan;
• Did not finish high school but is
a very intelligent man;
• Knew Spanish and spoke a little
of English;
• Read foreign novels, books
about revolution, politics, law
and religion;
List of some books he read:
1. The French Revolution 6. The Holy Bible
2. The Wandering Jew 7. International law
3. Les Miserables 8. Penal and civil Code
4. Noli and Fili 9. Lives of the Presidents of
the United States
5. The ruins of Palmyras
10. Novels of Alexander
Dumas
Gregoria de Jesus
• Second wife of Bonifacio
when he was 29;
• 18 years old and beautiful
from Kalookan;
• A bright student who
stopped studying to take
care of her family;
• Looked after her sisters and
their family farm;
• Sewed and wove cloth on the
loom;
• Helped her mother work
around the house;
LAKAMBINI NG KATIPUNAN
Founding of the Katipunan:
• On the night of July 7, 1892 –the same day he
heard of Rizal’s exile, he met secretly with his
friends at a house on Azcarraga Street (now Claro
M Recto) in Tondo;
• Together with Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, he
formed the first triangle of a secret society which
bore the initials KKK.
Organization structure of the Katipunan:
Kataastaasang
Supreme Council
Sanggunian
Sangguniang
Provincial Council
Bayan
Sangguniang
Popular Council
Barangay
Officers of the Katipunan:
Deodato Arellano Andres Bonifacio Ladislao Diwa
PRESIDENT/ SUPREMO COMPTROLLER FISCAL
Valentin Diaz Teodoro Plata
TREASURER SECRETARY
• Roman Basa succeeded as
supremo in 1893;
• Bonifacio finally assumed the
presidency of the KKK when he
became dissatisfied with Basa’s
performance
Objectives of the Katipunan:
1. Political: To end the struggle for independence
from Spain by force of arms;
2. Moral: Centers on the teaching of good morals,
honesty, self-worth, religious fanaticism and
weakness of character;
3. Civic: Revolves on the principle of self-help, self-
reliance, and the defense of the poor and
oppressed.
Recruitment process of the Katipunan:
• Triangle method:
• After October 1892, all
members could recruit as
many members as they
could;
Recruitment tests:
1. New recruit wore a black robe, led blindfolded into
a darkly lit room and required to answer questions.
2. Sandugo
3. Signed the Katipunan oath in his own blood
4. The new member chose a symbolic name for
himself
Membership:
• At the time it was discovered, the estimated
strength wasfrom 100,000 to 400,000 members;
• Sizeable chapters: Manila, Batangas, Laguna,
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija
• Smaller chapters: Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte,
Pangasinan, and the Bicol region;
• Most members were poor;
• But there were also several wealthy members.
Women Membership:
• Limited to the wives, daughters, or close relatives
of the Katiponeros;
• Formed in July 1893;
• Only about 30 females were known to have joined
this secret society;
• Wore green masks and white sashes with green
borders;
•Served as lookouts in the outer sala while the men
held their secret meetings in the backroom
Gregoria De Jesus Josefa Rizal
Grades of Membership:
Bayani
Kawal
Katipon
Katipon
• Wore a black hood with a triangle formed
by white ribbons and letters
• Password: Anak ng Bayan
Kawal
• Wore a green hood and traingle
consisting of white lines;
• Wore a green ribbon around his
neck with a medal with a
letter K inscribed on it;
• Password: GOMBURZA
Bayani
• Wore a red mask and a sash with green borders
during assemblies
• Password: Rizal
Emilio Jacinto
• Son of Mariano Jacinto and
Josefa Dizon
• Was fluent in Spanish and
Tagalog
• Preferred to speak Spanish
• Attended San Juan de Letran
College
• Later, University of Santo Tomas to study law;
• Did not finish his college education;
• At 20, joined the Katipunan;
• Became advisor on fiscal matters;
• Secretary of Andres Bonifacio;
• Wrote for the Kalayaan,
Katipunan newspaper
• Penname: Dimasilaw
• Alias: Pingkian
• Author of Kartilya ng
Katipunan
• Contacted malaria and died on April 16, 1899 in
Majayjay, Laguna at the age of 23;
• His remains was later transferred to the Manila
North Cemetery.
Discovery of the Katipunan:
• Teodoro Patino, a worker at the Diario de Manila
printing press, revealed the existence of the society to
his sister, Honoria
• Honoria relayed the information to Sor Teresa de
Jesus, the Mother superior of the orphanage in
Mandaluyong
• Sor Teresa sought advice of Father Mariano Gil, the
parish priest of Tondo
• The Spanish Civil Guards raided the premises of
Diario de Manila on August 18, 1896
• Arrested De la Cruz, who was found in possessions
of a dagger used in Katipunan initiation rites and a
list of members;
• As a consequence, the printing press was closed and
hundreds of suspected members were arrested;
• Patino’s alleged betrayal has become the standard
version of how the revolution broke out in 1896;
• However, in the 1920s, the PNL commissioned a
group of former Katipuneros to validate the truth of
the said version;
• Jose Turiano Santiago, Bonifacio’s close friend
who was expelled in 1895,denied the story;
• He claimed that Bonifacio himself ordered
Patino to reveal the society’s existence to speed up
the revolution and preempt any objection from
the Katipuneros.
