Work ethics
• Industry and Society are the two systems
which interact with each other and are
interdependent.
• Society requires industry/business system
which provides manufacturing, distribution
and consumption activities.
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Cont…
• Industry needs investment (capital input), labor
(input), supply (raw materials), production
(industries, business organizations), marketing
and distribution (transport), and consumption
(public, customer).
• Work ethics is defined as “a set of attitudes
concerned with the value of work, which forms
the motivational orientation”.
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Cont…
• The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at ensuring the
economy (get job, create wealth, earn salary),
productivity (wealth, profit), safety (in workplace),
health and hygiene (working conditions), privacy
(raise family), security (permanence against
contractual, pension, and retirement benefits),
cultural and social development (leisure, hobby,
and happiness), welfare (social work), environment
(anti-pollution activities), and offer opportunities
for all, according to their abilities, but without
discrimination.
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Cont…
• Many complex social problems exist in the
industrial/business scenario, because:
1. The people desire to be recognized as
individuals and treated with dignity, as living
human beings.
2. Exploitation and bargained pay should be
discouraged.
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Cont…
3. Economic independence: Work is the major
instrumental good in life. It is the main source of
providing the income needed to avoid economic
dependence on others, for obtaining desired
materials and services, and for achieving status
and recognition from others.
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Cont…
4. Privacy (personal freedom) of the employee,
including women, is to be protected. At the
same time, confidentiality of the employer is
also to be protected. Mutual trust and loyalty
both ways play major roles in this aspect.
5. Security during job and upon retirement:
This concept is being accepted only in
government jobs, public limited companies,
and corporate organizations.
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Cont…
6. Recognition to non-work activities, such as
leisure, paid holiday on the day of visit of a
dignitary, social service, and other developmental
activities.
• The workers in prosperous countries are less
willing to consider ‘work’ as their prime interest
in life. They claim that such service activities
give them peace of mind and happiness.
However, such a trend is likely to decline the
work ethics.
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Cont…
7. Hard work and productivity are very essential
for the success of an industry. The quality of
work life deserves to be improved.
8. Employee alienation: Absence of or
inadequate ‘recognition and reward system’
lead to ethical problems, affecting the work
ethics. Participative management, quality
circles, job rotation, and flexible working
hours are some of the measures to counter
this situation.
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Cont…
9. A different view of work ethics: Work is
considered as a necessary evil. It is a thing one
must do in order to avoid worse evils, such as
dependency and poverty. That is a major source
of anxiety and unhappiness.
• By work ethics, duties to the self, family,
society, and nation are fulfilled. Rights of the
individuals are respected and nourished.
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Cont…
• To work (job), is not for monetary
considerations only. Human beings believe
that it is good to work. Work is good for the
body and mind. It promotes self-respect, self-
esteem, good for the family and obligation to
the society and allow the world to prosper.
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Virtues
• Virtues are positive and preferred values.
• Virtues are desirable attitudes or character traits,
motives and emotions that enable us to be
successful and to act in ways that develop our
highest potential.
• Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity,
fidelity, integrity, fairness, transparency, self-
control, and prudence are all examples of
virtues.
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Cont…
• Virtues are tendencies which include, solving problems
through peaceful and constructive means.
Civic Virtues
• Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of
the village or the country or an integral part of the society
and environment.
• An individual may exhibit civic virtues by voting,
volunteering, and organizing welfare groups and meetings.
• The duties are:
• 1. To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time.
• 2. To keep the surroundings clean and green.
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Cont…
• 3. Not to pollute the water, land, and air by
following hygiene and proper garbage
disposal.
• For example, not to burn wood, tyres, plastic
materials, spit in the open, even not to smoke
in the open, and not to cause nuisance to the
public, are some of the civic (duties) virtues.
• 4. To follow the road safety rules.
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Cont…
On the other hand, the rights are:
• 1. To vote the local or state government.
• 2. To contest in the elections to the local or state
government.
• 3. To seek a public welfare facility such as a school,
hospital or a community hall or transport or
communication facility, for the residents.
• 4. To establish a green and safe environment, pollution
free, corruption free, and to follow ethical principles.
People are said to have the right to breathe in fresh air,
by not allowing smoking in public.
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Cont…
5. People have inalienable right to accept or
reject a project in their area. One has the right to
seek legal remedy, in this respect, through public
interest petition.
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Types of Virtues
Civic Knowledge
• Citizens must understand what the Constitution says
about how the government is working, and what the
government is supposed to do and what not to do.
• We must understand the basis of our responsibilities
as citizens, besides duties and rights.
• We must be able to recognize when the government
or another citizen infringes upon our rights.
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Cont…
Self-Restraint (Self-control)
• For citizens to live in a free society with limited
government each citizen must be able to control or
restrain himself; otherwise, we would need a police
state—that is, a dictatorial government to maintain
safety and order.
• He advocated for morality and declared that happiness
is achieved and sustained through virtues and morals.
• He advocated and demonstrated self-restraint several
times in his private and public life, and naturally he
was a great leader.
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Cont…
Self-Assertion (one’s view)
• Self-assertion means that citizens must be proud of
their rights, and have the courage to stand up in
public and defend their rights.
Self-Reliance
• Self-reliant citizens are free citizens in the sense that
they are not dependent on others for their basic
needs. They do not need a large provider-
government, which has the potential to become an
oppressive government, to meet those needs. These
civic virtues, applicable to local, state, and central
governments.
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Respect for others
• This is a basic requirement for nurturing
friendship, team work, and for the synergy it
promotes and sustains.
• The principles enunciated in this regard are:
1. Recognize and accept the existence of
other persons as human beings, because they
have a right to live, just as you have.
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Cont…
• Respect others’ ideas (decisions), words, and
labor (actions). One need not accept or approve
or award them, but shall listen to them first. One
can correct or warn, if they commit mistakes.
• Appreciate colleagues and subordinates on their
positive actions. Criticize constructively and
encourage them. They are bound to improve
their performance, by learning properly and by
putting more efforts.
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Cont…
3. Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others.
• Allow others to grow.
• Basically, the goodwill reflects on the
originator and multiplies itself on everybody.
This will facilitate collinearity, focus,
coherence, and strength to achieve the goals.
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LIVING PEACEFULLY
• Whatever may be the job or profession one
should have conducive environment and
working condition to do his job and carry out
his responsibilities.
• There should not be any tension or over
pressure, unnecessary interference or
disturbance from others though they are
superiors.
• One cannot work effectively under a knife all
the while hanging over the head.
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Cont…
• The worker should have peaceful environment at
office as well as home
• To live peacefully, one should start install peace
within (self).
• Charity begins at home.
• Then one can
• spread peace to family, organisation where one
works, and then to the world, including the
environment.
• Only who are at peace can spread peace.
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Cont…
• One should adopt the following means to live
peacefully, in the world:
Nurture
1. Order in one’s life (self-regulation, discipline, and
duty).
2. Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others, blessing
others, friendly, and not criticizing or hurting others by
thought, word or deed).
3. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive).
4. Beauty in one’s heart (love, service, happiness, and
peace).
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Cont…
Get
5. Good health/body (physical strength for
service).
Act
6. Help the needy with head, heart, and hands
(charity). Service to the poor is considered holier
than the service to God.
7. Not hurting and torturing others either
physically, verbally, or mentally.
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Cont…
• The following are the factors that promote living, with
internal and external peace:
1. Conducive environment (safe, ventilated, illuminated and
comfortable).
2. Secured job and motivated with ‘recognition and reward’.
3. Absence of threat or tension by pressure due to limitations
of money or time.
4. Absence of unnecessary interference or disturbance,
except as guidelines.
5. Healthy labor relations and family situations.
6. Service to the needy (physically and mentally-challenged)
with love and sympathy.
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Courage (the ability to do something that
frightens one)
• Courage is the tendency to accept and face
risks and difficult tasks in rational ways.
• Self-confidence is the basic requirement to
nurture courage.
• Courage is classified into three types, based on
the types of risks, namely
(a) Physical courage,
(b) Social courage, and
(c) Intellectual courage.
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Cont…
• In physical courage, the thrust is on the adequacy
of the physical strength, including the muscle
power and armaments (the process of equipping
military forces for war).
• People with high adrenalin (a hormone produced
by the body, for example when you are frightened,
angry, or excited, that makes the heart beat faster
and prepares the body to react to danger ), may be
prepared to face challenges for the mere ‘thrill’ or
driven by a decision to ‘excel’.
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Cont…
• The social courage involves the decisions and
actions to change the order, based on the
conviction for or against certain social
behaviors.
• This requires leadership abilities, including
empathy and sacrifice, to mobilize and
motivate the followers, for the social cause.
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Cont…
• The intellectual courage is inculcated in people
through acquired knowledge, experience,
games, tactics, education, and training.
• In professional ethics, courage is applicable to
the employers, employees, public, and the press.
• Look before you leap (you shouldn't act without
first considering the possible consequences or
dangers.)
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Cont…
• One should perform Strengths, Weakness,
Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT) analysis.
• Calculate (estimate) the risks, compare with one’s
strengths, and anticipate the end results, while
taking decisions and before getting into action.
• Past experience (one’s own or borrowed!) and
wisdom gained from self-study or others will
prepare one to plan and act with self-confidence,
succeed in achieving the desired ethical goals
through ethical means.
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Cont…
• Facing the criticism, owning responsibility,
and accepting the mistakes or errors when
committed and exposed are the expressions of
courage.
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Cont…
• The courageous people own and have shown the
following characteristics, in their professions:
(a) Perseverance (sustained hard work),
(b) Experimentation (preparedness to face the
challenges, that is, unexpected or unintended results),
(c) Involvement (attitude, clear and firm resolve to act),
and
(d) Commitment (willing to get into action and to reach
the desired goals by any alternative but ethical means).
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Valuing time
• Time is rare resource.
• Once it is spent, it is lost for ever. It can not be
either stored or recovered. Hence, time is the
most perishable and most valuable resource too.
• This resource is continuously spent, whether any
decision or action is taken or not.
• The history of great reformers and innovators
have stressed the importance of time and valuing
time.
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Cont…
• An anecdote to highlight the ‘value of time’ is as
follows:
1. To realize the value of one year, ask the student who
has failed in the examinations
2. To realize the value of one month, ask the mother
who has delivered a premature baby
3. To realize the value of one week, ask the editor of
weekly
4. To realize the value of one day, ask the daily-wage
labourer
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Cont…
5. To realize the value of one minute, ask a
person who has missed the train
6. To realize the value of one second, ask the
person who has survived an accident
7. To realize the value one milli second, ask the
person who has won the bronze medal in
Olympics
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Cont…
8. To realize the value of one micro second, ask
the NASA team of scientist
9. To realize the value of one nano-second, ask a
Hardware engineer!; If you have still not
realized the value of time, wait; are you an
Engineer
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Cooperation
• Co-operation is a team-spirit present with every
individual engaged in engineering.
• Co-operation is activity between two persons or
sectors that aims at integration of operations
(synergy), while not sacrificing the autonomy of
either party.
• Further, working together ensures, coherence,
i.e., blending of different skills required,
towards common goals.
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Cont…
• Willingness to understand others, think and act
together and putting this into practice, is cooperation.
• Cooperation promotes collinearity, coherence
(blend), co-ordination (activities linked in sequence
or priority) and the synergy (maximizing the output,
by reinforcement).
• The whole is more than the sum of the individuals.
• It helps in minimizing the input resources (including
time) and maximizes the outputs, which include
quantity, quality, effectiveness, and efficiency.
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Cont…
• According to professional ethics, cooperation
should exist or be developed, and maintained, at
several levels;
• between the employers and employees,
• between the superiors and subordinates, among
the colleagues,
• between the producers and the suppliers (spare
parts), and
• between the organisation and its customers.
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Cont…
• The absence of cooperation leads to lack of
communication, misinformation, void in
communication, and undue delay between
supply, production, marketing, and
consumption.
• This is likely to demoralize and frustrate
(cause (someone) to feel upset) the employees,
leading to collapse of the industry over time
and an economic loss to the society.
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The impediments to successful cooperation
are:
• Clash of ego of individuals.
• Lack of leadership and motivation.
• Conflicts of interests, based on region, religion,
language, and caste.
• Ignorance and lack of interest. By careful planning,
motivation, leadership, fostering and rewarding team
work, professionalism and humanism beyond the
‘divides’, training on appreciation to different cultures,
mutual understanding ‘cooperation’ can be developed
and also sustained.
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Commitment
• Commitment refers to “sharing of Loyalty” to
the moral principles that are inherent in the
engineering practise.
• Commitment means alignment to goals and
adherence to ethical principles during the
activities.
• First of all, one must believe in one’s action
performed and the expected end results
(confidence).
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Cont…
• It is the driving force to realize success. This is
a basic requirement for any profession.
• For example, a design engineer shall exhibit a
sense of commitment, to make his product or
project designed a beneficial contribution to
the society. Only when the teacher (Guru) is
committed to his job, the students will succeed
in life and contribute ‘good’ to the society.
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Empathy (the ability to understand and share
the feelings of another)
• Empathy and trust are platforms for effective
understanding and proper communication.
• Empathy is essential to develop certain
solutions, trails to win and retaining in
business and to avoid conflicts.
• Empathy is social radar.
• Sensing what others feel about, without their
open talk, is the essence of empathy.
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Cont…
• Empathy begins with showing concern, and
then obtaining and understanding the feelings
of others, from others’ point of view.
• Empathy is also defined as the ability to put
one’s self into the psychological frame or
reference or point of view of another, to know
what the other person feels.
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Cont…
• Empathy includes the imaginative projection
into other’s feelings and understanding of
other’s background such as parentage, physical
and mental state, economic situation, and
association. This is an essential ingredient for
good human relations
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Cont…
• To practice ‘Empathy’, a leader must have or
develop in him, the following characteristics
1. Understanding others: It means sensing
others feelings and perspectives, and taking
active interest in their welfare.
2. Service orientation: It is anticipation,
recognition and meeting the needs of the clients
or customers.
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Cont…
3. Developing others: This means identification
of their needs and bolstering (support or
strengthen) their abilities.
In developing others, the one should inculcate in
him the ‘listening skill’ first.
Communication = 22% reading and writing +
23% speaking + 55% listening.
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Cont…
• One should get the feed back, acknowledge
the strength and accomplishments, and then
coach the individual, by informing about what
was wrong, and giving correct feedback and
positive expectation of the subject’s abilities
and the resulting performance.
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Cont…
4. Leveraging diversity (opportunities through
diverse people): This leads to enhanced
organizational learning, flexibility, and profitability.
5. Political awareness: It is the ability to read
political and social currents in an organization.
• The benefits of empathy include:
1. Good customer relations (in sales and service, in
partnering).
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Cont…
2. Harmonious labor relations (in
manufacturing).
3. Good vendor-producer relationship (in
partnering.) Through the above three, we can
maximize the output and profit, as well as
minimizing the loss.
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Self-confidence
• One’s own capabilities, values, and goals, is
self-confidence.
• People are usually positive thinking, flexible
and willing to change. They respect others so
much as they respect themselves.
• Self-confidence is positive attitude, wherein
the individual has some positive and realistic
view of himself, with respect to the situations
in which one gets involved.
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Cont…
• The people with self-confidence exhibit
courage to get into action and unshakable faith
in their abilities, whatever may be their
positions
• The self-confidence in a person develops:
a sense of partnership, respect, and
accountability
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Cont…
• The people with self-confidence have the
following characteristics:
1. A self-assured standing,
2. Willing to listen to learn from others and
adopt (flexibility),
3. Frank to speak the truth, and
4. respect others’ efforts and give due credit.
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Cont…
• The factors that shape self-confidence in a
person are:
1. Heredity (attitudes of parents) and family
environment (elders),
2. Friendship (influence of friends/colleagues),
3. Influence of superiors/role models, and
4. Training in the organization ( e.g., training by
Technical Evangelists at Infosys Technologies).
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Cont…
• The following methodologies are effective in
developing self-confidence in a person:
1. Encouraging SWOT analysis. By evaluating
their strength and weakness, they can anticipate
and be prepared to face the results.
2. Training to evaluate risks and face them (self-
acceptance).
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Cont…
3. Self-talk . It is conditioning the mind for
preparing the self to act, without any doubt on
his capabilities.
4. Study and group discussion, on the history of
leaders and innovators (e.g., Sam Walton of Wal-
Mart, USA).
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Character
• Character is a characteristic property that
defines the behavior of an individual.
• Character includes attributes that determine a
person’s moral and ethical actions and
responses.
• The character is exhibited through conduct.
Character is determined by the expectations of
society.
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Cont…
• On one extreme are those that do not even conform
to the minimum standards, and fail to acquire the
socially-required behaviors, attitudes and values.
These individuals have an unformed social character.
• At the other extreme are those whose beliefs,
attitudes and values are determined internally by the
strength of their own convictions. These are
individuals with developed minds and formed
characters of their own.
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Cont…
• Character is the expression of the personality
of a human being, and that it reveals itself in
one’s conduct. In this sense every human has a
character
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Spirituality
• Spirituality is said to be the great virtue of
Indian philosophy and for Indians.
• Spirituality refers to the way of living, which
emphasizes a constant awareness of the
spiritual dimension of nature.
• Spirituality is actually a sense of meaning and
purpose ,a “sense of self”
• Spirituality includes the faith or belief in
supernatural power/ God
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Cont…
• Spirituality includes creativity,
communication, recognition of the individual
as human being, respect to others, acceptance,
vision and partnership
• Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the
colleagues to perform better
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Cont…
• Spirituality is also energy: Be energetic and
flexible to adapt to challenging and changing
situations.
• Spirituality is flexibility as well
• Tolerance and empathy are the reflections of
spirituality.
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Spirituality in the Workplace
1. Verbally respect the individuals as humans
and recognize their values in all decisions and
actions.
2. Get to know the people with whom you work
and know what is important to them. Know
their goals, desires, and dreams too.
3. State your personal ethics and your beliefs
clearly.
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Cont…
4. Support causes outside the business.
5. Encourage leaders to use value-based
discretion in making decisions.
6. Demonstrate your own self-knowledge and
spirituality in all your actions.
7. Do unto others as you would have them do
unto you.
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Spirituality for Corporate Excellence
1. Self-awareness — Realization of self-potential. A
human has immense capability but it needs to be
developed.
2. Alertness in observation and quickness in
decision making, i.e., spontaneity which includes
quick reflexes, no delay but also no hasty
decisions.
3. Being visionary and value based — This includes
an attitude towards future of the organization and
the society, with clear objectives.
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Cont…
4. Holism —Holistic thinking, which means the
welfare of the self, family, organization and the
society including all other living beings and
environment.
5. Compassion — Sympathy, empathy and concern
for others. These are essential for not only building
the team but also for its effective functioning.
6. Respect for diversity — It means search for unity
in diversity i.e., respect others and their views.
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Cont…
7. Moral Autonomy — It means action based on
rational and moral judgment. One need not follow
the crowd or majority
8. Creative thinking and constant reasoning —
Think if we can do something new and if we can
improve further?
9. Ability to analyze and synthesize — Refrain
(stop oneself from doing something) from doing
something only traditional.
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Cont…
10. Positive views of adversity — Make
adversities one’s source of power. Every threat is
converted into opportunity.
11. Humility — The attitude to accept criticism
and willing to correct. It includes modesty and
acknowledging the work of colleagues.
12. Sense of vocation — Treat the duty as a
service to society, besides your organization.
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The role of yoga in stress management
• In an age of a highly dynamic and competitive
world, man is exposed to all kinds of stressors
that can affect him in all realms of life.
• Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into
life science.
• The term stress is derived from the Latin word
Stringere, which means “to be drawn tight.”
• Stress is a complex, dynamic process of
interaction between a person and his or her life.
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Cont…
• Stress can affect one’s health, work performance,
social life, and the relationship with family
members.
• The stress response is a complex emotion that
produces physiological changes
• Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury.
• Hence we can say that stress is a silent killer, and
prolonged exposure to stress may exert harmful
effects on physical, psychological, and
behavioural well-being of an individual.
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Cont…
• According to the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 80% of workers
experience job stress.
IMPACT OF STRESS:
• First - psychological changes such as anxiety,
irritability, and insomnia arise, due to over-
stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Second stage -symptoms such as high blood
pressure, elevated heart rate, and increased
intestinal motility surface.
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Cont…
• Third stage - a more profound physical or
biochemical imbalance sets in
• Fourth stage - irreversible symptoms that often
require surgical or long-term management appear.
• Increased sympathetic activation and the release
of stress hormones, including adrenaline, lead to
increases in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing,
body temperature, and muscle tension.
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Signs and Symptoms of Stress
• If exposure to stressors continues for a longer period of
time, chronic health problems can develop, such as:
Psychological and emotional:
• Anxiety and fear
• Worry about safety of self and others
• Anger & Irritability
• Restlessness & Sadness, grief, depression, moodiness
• Guilt or “survivor guilt”
• Feeling overwhelmed, hopeless
• Feeling isolated, lost, or abandoned
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Cont…
Cognitive:
• Memory problems & Confusion
• Slowness of thinking and comprehension
• Difficulty calculating, setting priorities, making
decisions & Poor concentration
• Limited attention span
• Loss of objectivity
• Unable to stop thinking about the disaster
• Blaming
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Cont…
Behavioral:
• Change in activity
• Decreased efficiency and effectiveness
• Difficulty communicating
• Increased sense of humour
• Outbursts of anger, frequent arguments
• Change in eating habits
• Increased use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs
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Cont…
Physical:
• Increased heartbeat, respiration
• Increased blood pressure
• Upset stomach, nausea, diarrhoea
• weight loss or gain
• Sweating or chills
• Headaches
• Soreness in muscles
• Lower back pain
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Yoga for Stress Relief
• Yoga is most Recognized form of Exercise,
Stretching, Aerobic exercise and Meditation.
• The definition of yoga is “to yoke or joint together”
it integrates the mind and body focusing on balance
posture, deep breathing, stretching and relaxation.
• Yoga evolved from of the Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist
religious traditions in India.
• Yoga alters stress response and person’s attitude,
towards stress along with improving self confidence,
increasing one’s sense of well being, and creating a
feeling of relaxation and calmness.
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YOGA
• Rapidly emerging in the Western world as a
discipline for integrating the mind and body
into union and harmony, when adopted as a
way of life, yoga improves physical, mental,
intellectual, and spiritual health.
• Yoga offers an effective method of managing
and reducing stress, anxiety, and depression
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Cont…
• Yoga, a form of mind-body exercise, has
become an increasingly widespread therapy
used to maintain wellness, and alleviate a
range of health problems and ailments.
• Definition: Yoga is an ancient discipline
designed to bring balance and health to the
physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual
dimensions of the individual.
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EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS
• A growing body of research evidence supports
the belief that certain yoga techniques may
improve physical and mental health through
down-regulation of the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the
sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
• Yoga significantly decreases heart rate and
systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
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Cont…
• Impact of yoga on specific health conditions,
including cardiovascular disease, metabolic
syndrome, diabetes, cancer, and anxiety.
• Yoga can be wisely applied in welfare
programs to improve the quality of life in all
age groups.
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Meditation
• Meditation has been practiced for thousands of years.
• Meditation originally was meant to help deepen
understanding of the sacred and mystical forces of life.
• These days, meditation is commonly used for
relaxation and stress reduction.
• Meditation is considered a type of mind-body
complementary medicine.
• Meditation produces a deep state of relaxation and a
tranquil mind.
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Cont…
• During meditation, you focus your attention
and eliminate the stream of jumbled thoughts
Benefits of meditation:
• Meditation can give you a sense of calm,
peace and balance that benefits both your
emotional well-being and your overall health.
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Meditation and emotional well-being
The emotional benefits of meditation can
include:
• Gaining a new perspective on stressful
situations
• Building skills to manage your stress
• Increasing self-awareness
• Focusing on the present
• Reducing negative emotions
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Meditation and illness
Some research suggests that meditation may help
people manage symptoms of conditions such as:
• Asthma
• Cancer
• Depression
• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Pain
• Sleep problems
• Anxiety disorders (a feeling of worry)
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Ways to meditate can include
• Guided meditation. Sometimes called guided
imagery or visualization, with this method of
meditation you form mental images of places
or situations you find relaxing. You may be led
through this process by a guide or teacher.
• Mantra meditation. In this type of
meditation, you silently repeat a calming word,
thought or phrase to prevent distracting
thoughts.
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Cont…
• Mindfulness meditation. This type of meditation is
based on being mindful, or having an increased
awareness and acceptance of living in the present
moment.
• Transcendental meditation. Transcendental
meditation is a simple, natural technique. In
transcendental meditation, you silently repeat a
personally assigned mantra, such as a word, sound or
phrase, in a specific way.
• Yoga. You perform a series of postures and controlled
breathing exercises to promote a more flexible body
and a calm mind.
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Revision
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Cont…
1. Study of good or bad character is _________
2. The term refers to personal behavior is
_______
3. The term self- determining or self-governing
or acting independently is referred to as
______
4. A person who is having special skill or
training is called as _________
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Cont….
6. The term is referred to the study of moral
values, issues and decisions involved in
engineering practice known as __________
7. __________ ____ strengthens one’s ability to
reason clearly and carefully about moral
questions.
8. Universally accepted ethical principles are
____, _______, _____
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Cont…
9. ________ is defined as concerned with the
principles of right and wrong behavior and a
lesson can be derived from a story or experience.
10. Morality is understanding the distinction
between ________.
11. The term refers only to professional
behaviour is _______.
12. _______ are the scales we use to weigh our
choices for our actions, whether to move towards
or away from something.
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Cont…
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