Sustainable
Crop
Production
Ilustre Erica A.
Himantog, Jethsaline
Crisolo, Ericka Mae
Contents of this Discussion
Conduct Field Lay-Out
a. Tools and Materials are Prepared for field Lay-out
Digs Holes
a. Digging of Holes are Performed based on Crop Requirements
b. Top soil is separated to be used in Covering the Hole after planting
c. Basal Fertilizer Application is performed based on Recommended Amount
Contents of this Discussion
Perform Direct Seeding
a. Seeds are Planted According To Recommended Rate, Distance and Depth
b. Sawing of Seed – sowing time, depth of sowing, spacing and plant population sowing
time
c. Replanting are timely done according to Recommended Practices for A Particular Crop
d. Safety Procedures are followed According to Occupational Safety and Health Standard
(OSHS) and Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
Transplant Seedings
a. Handling of Seedlings from Nursery is Performed Based on Prescribed Practices
b. Transplanting of Seedlings is Done Based on Crop Practices
c. Re-Bagging Is Done for a Particular Crop Requirement
d. Safety Procedures are Followed According to Occupational Safety and Health Standards
(OSHS)
Conduct Field
Lay-Out
Tools and materials are
prepared for field lay-out
Land development is the costliest operation in farming. It involves
Jungle Clearance, soil opening with deep tillage equipment, moving
soil from high to low spots, making farm roads, field bunding and
laveling etc.
Tillage Operation
-Defined as machanical manipulation of soil are performed to achieve the
desired seed bed to provide optimum environment for seed germination
and plant growth.
-Seed bed preparations for sowing/ planting different crops is done
through primary and secondary tillage operations.
Puddling of Soil
-Refers to braking down soil aggregates at near saturations into iltimate
soil particles and is one of the common operations in low land rice field.
-Retention of standing water on the rice field helps weed control and
oxidation-reduction.
-Optimum tillage to achieve maximum crop yields with minimum energy
consumptions should be aim of seedbed preparation.
In addition to the field set up requirements, keep in mind that a
quality turf grass playing surface for a sports field must have the
following :
❖ Adequate water drainage
❖Properly designed, installed, and maintained irrigation systems.
❖A sound maintenance program to address turf and clay conditions
❖The necessary field equipments ( bases, pitching rubber)and
surrounding structures, such as Fences.
Dig Holes
Digging of holes are performed
Based on Crops Requirements
❖Planting Pits are used as a precipitation harversting
method to prevent water run off and therby increase
filtration and reduce erosion. Basically, holes are dug
50-100 cm apart from each other with dept 0f 5-15
cm in order to prevent water runoff.
❖This form of micro-catchment is best suited for
land with low permeability, such as silt and clay soil.
Three Type Of
Conservation
Practices
Study objectives
1 Soil consevation
Water and soil
2 moisture
consevation
3
Erosion Protection
Basal Fertilizer Application based on Recommended
Amount
❖This enhanced food grain production later known as green revolution could be mainly
attributed to the introduction of high-yielding iput responsive cultivars of wheat and rice
in the mids 1960s and to increased availability of and used of chemical fertilizers.
❖When N fertilizers are used correctly they are very beneficial, but unscientific practices
of their usage could lead to large population and harmful effects on environment
❖Fertilizers should be applied only based on nutrients status, which can be known by
testing facilities.
Proper care should be taken while collecting soil samples.
Performed
Direct
Seeding
Direct Seeding
-Is a cropping system whish aims to improve soil and soil moisture conservation.
Direct seeding is more flexible than no-till it allows some tillage to solve
immediate weed problems and to deal with high moisture and heavy clay soil
conditions.
-Most of the crop residence remains on the surface with at least half the stubble
remaining upright and anchored to trap as much snow as possible.
- Direct seeded perennials tend to produce an extensive root system rapidly
whereas the shoots grow more slowly, but seedlings raised in nurseries tend to
produce larges whoots which give greater evaporation and the roots soon
become cramped in the plastic sacks.
❖Direct seeding makes it possible to introduce
perennials on a large scale, even into isolated areas.
This is because it can be done where water is not readily
accessible.
❖Direct seeding is inexpensive compared with other
method, especially when it is carried out by farmer
themselves.
Seeds are Planted
according to
Recommended Rate,
distancr, and Depth
● All seeds packets come with ijnstructions on how
apart and to what depths they should be planted.
Seed planting depths seeds come in a variety
ofsize needs to be planted at different depth
maximum germination.
Seeds Planting Distance
The basic principle governing all seed
planting is that it is generally better to plant
more seeds the required in a given area and
then thin them out to your intended spacing
for mature plants when the seeds have
developed into small seedlings.
Sowing Of seed-sowing
time, Spacing and plant
population sowing time
It is the non-monetary inputs
whish greatly influence
the crop growth and yields
. Therefore, sowing of the
crops should be done
recommended dates.
Depth of Sowing
-It is also non monetary input which decides plant
stand in the field.
Spacing and Plant populations
- Spacing between the row and within the plants
decides the plant to stand/ plant populations per/
unit are. Optimum plant populations results in
normal crop growth and thereby yields.
Replanting are timely done according to
recommended practices for a particular
crops
-Crop production is a complex business,
requiring many skills ( such as biology,
agronomy, mechanics, and marketing) and
covering a variety of operations throughout the
year.
Transplant
Seedlings
-If the plant has not been seeded in individual,
container they must be transplant to give them
proper growing space.
-One of the most common mistakes is leaving
the seedlings in the seed flat too long.
- Do not let plants get hard and stunted or tall
and leggy.
-the medium should contain more plants
nutrients than a germination mix, however.
Some commercial soilless mixes have fertilizer
already added.
-To transplant, carefully dig up the small plants
with a knife or wooden plant label. Let the group
of seedlings fall apart and pick out individual
plants.
- Avoid tearing roots in the process. Handle
small seedlings by their leaves, not their
delicate stems.
- Make it deep enough so the seedling can be
put at the same depth it was growing in the
seed flat .
-Small plants or slow growers should be
placed 1 inch apart and rapid-growing,
large seedlings about 2 inches apart.
After planting, firm the soil and water
gently.
-Keep newly transplanted seedlings in
the shade for a few days, or place them
under fluorescent lights.
-Keep them away from direct heat
sources. Continue watering and
fertilizing as in the seed flats.
Containers for Transplanting
–There is a wide variety of containers from which to good use
of space. The type selected will depend on the type of plant to
be transplanted and individual growing conditions.
–Community packs are containers in which there is room to
plant several plants. The main disadvantage of a community
packs is that the roots of the individual plants must be broken
or cut apart when separating them to put out in the garden.
–Community packs and cell packs, which are strips of
connected individual pots, are also available in plastic and are
frequently used by commercial bedding plant growers, as they
withstand frequent handling.
Hardening Plants
–Hardening is the process of altering the quality of plant
growth to withstand the change in environmental
conditions which occurs when plants are transferred
from a greenhouse or home to the garden.
–Hardening is most critical with early crops, when
adverse climatic conditions can be expected.
–Hardening can be accomplished by gradually lowering
temperatures and relative humidity and reducing water.
HANDLING OF SEEDLING
FROM NURSERY IS
PERFORMED BASED ON
PRESCRIBED PRACTICES
-Silviculture is the practice of controlling the
establishment, growth, composition, health, and
quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values.
The name comes from the Latin silvi-(forest) + culture
(as in growing). The study of forest and woods is
termed silvology.
-Silviculture is the science and art of growing and
tending forest crops, based on a knowledge of silvics,
i.e., the study of the life history and general
characteristics of forest trees and stands, with
particular reference to locality factors.
-The kernel of silviculture is regeneration. Suggestions for
how best to go about the job, presented by Jeglum et al.
(2003), though aimed primarily at the boreal forest in
Ontario, merit wider consideration.
-To some the distinction between forestry and silviculture is
that silviculture is applied at the stand level and forestry is
broader.
For example John D. Mathews says " complete regimes for
regenerating, tending, and harvesting forests" are called
"silvicultural systems". So active management is required for
silviculture, whereas forestry can be natural , conserved land
without a stand level treatment being applied.
Four silviculture system
•clear cutting
•seed-tree
•shelter wood
•selection
TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLING IS DONE BASED ON CROP
PRACTICES
- Some vegetables are planted in the garden using small plants
(transplants) rather than seeds. This is standard practice with
warm-season vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, and eggplant,
and is becoming the practice with cucumbers, squash,
cantaloupes, and watermelon because transplant shorten the
time by several weeks between planting and harvest.
- Not all vegetable plants transplant with the same degree of
ease as small seedlings or when setting them out in the garden.
But even vegetables described as difficult to transplant can be
transplanted into the garden with great success when they are
started in containers.
Advantages of growing your own plants:
>They are often less expensive to grow
than to buy.
>They are available when you need
them.
>You grow the varieties you want and
are not forced to accept substitutes you
avoid the danger of bring in diseases
and insects.
YOU CAN SUCCESSFULLY GROW TRANSPLANTS OF MANY
VEGETABLES BY THE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES
~Used fresh seed from a reputable source.
~Transplants require several weeks to grow, so get
your seeds early.
~Do not buy to much seed. A small amounts
produces many plants.
~If the seed has not been treated with a fungicide as
indicated on the package, do so with a small amount
of fungicide.
RE- BAGGING IS DONE FOR A
PARTICULAR CROP
REQUIREMENT
● Plants which can be cross-pollinated by similar
varieties are still easy to save if only one variety
of the same species is grown at a time
● Isolate' Seed Plants for Genetic Purity, if you
want to grow more more than one crossable
variety of a species at a time and save genetically
pure seed from any of them, you can prevent
crossing by 'isolating' your heirloom varieties from
each other.
● Isolations means to prevent pollen from different
varieties being able to reach other and cross-
pollinating (i.e., mixing) the varieties.
WAYS TO ISOLATE
HEIRLOOM VARIETIES
•Plant the varieties far enough apart so that their
pollen can't reach each other.
•Grow each variety in separate, screened cages.
•Cover individual flowers with bags
•Time planting so that different varieties are not
flowering at the same time, and so cannot
pollinate each other.
