Lesson 7.

1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INTRODUCTION
TO
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

LESSON GOAL
To provide participants with an understanding of
the General Principles of Investigation, General
Investigative Procedures and The Golden Hour.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

LESSON OBJECTIVES
After this lesson, the participants will be able to:

 Explain the Overview of the General

Principles of Investigation

 Discuss the General Investigative

Procedures

Discuss the Golden Hour

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

BACKGROUND/MOTIVATION
This subject was culled from the PNP Criminal
Investigation Manual (2010) and the Field Manual on
Investigation of Crimes of Violence and Other Crimes
which aims to provide the Case Manager a ready
reference, and to keep them abreast with the
principles and procedures.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF INVESTIGATION

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

DEFINITION OF INVESTIGATION
The collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold
aim:

1. To identify the suspect;

2. To locate the suspect; and

3. To provide evidence of his guilt.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS

OF INVESTIGATION
1. What specific offense has been committed?

2. How the offense was committed?

3. Who committed it?

4. Where the offense was committed?

5. When it was committed?

6. Why it was committed?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the
Territorial Unit Concerned

The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction

of the area where the crime incident was committed,
shall immediately undertake the necessary
investigation and processing of the crime scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter
 An 18” x 12” logbook with hard-bound cover
 All crime incidents must be recorded in the blotter
 Separate Police Blotter for VAWC and CICL cases
 Contain 5-Ws and 1-H

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter

Answering the 5-Ws and 1H and the Case

Disposition
 Nature of the action or offense;
 Date, Time and Place of Occurrence (DTPO);
 Names of the suspect, victim, and witness/es;
 Facts of the case;
 Identity of Officer-On-Case; and
 Status of the case

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and
Equipment

a. All investigators in any police unit must be a

graduate of prescribed investigation course with a
rank of at least PO2.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and
Equipment
b. Composition:
1) Team Leader
2) Investigator/recorder
3) Photographer
4) Evidence custodian
5) Composite Illustrator/Artist

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and
Equipment
c. Equipment of the Investigator:
1) Police line
2) Video camera
3) Voice recorder
4) Camera
5) Measuring device
6) Gloves

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and
Equipment
c. Equipment of the Investigator:
7) Flashlight
8) Fingerprint kit
9) Evidence bag
10)Evidence tag
11) Evidence bottles/vials

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization and
Equipment
c. Equipment of the Investigator:
12)Investigator’s tickler contain the following:
a) Investigator’s checklist
b) Anatomical diagram form
c) Evidence checklist
d) Turn-over receipt

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 4: Duties of the First Responder

a. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the

information received;

b. Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent

data regarding the incident in his issued pocket
notebook and notify the TOC;

c. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene

with a police line or whatever material to
preserve its integrity;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 4: Duties of the First Responder

d. Check whether the situation still poses

imminent danger and call for back up if
necessary;
e. Identify possible witnesses and conduct
preliminary interview and ensure their
availability for the incoming investigator-on-
case;
f. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances
wherein the suspect/s is fleeing, make
appropriate notification for dragnet operations;
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 4: Duties of the First Responder

g. Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of

severely injured persons;

h. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital

using emergency services;

i. Account for the killed, wounded and arrested

persons for proper disposition;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 4: Duties of the First Responder

j. Conduct initial investigation;

k. Brief the IOC upon arrival and turn over the

crime scene;

l. Conduct inventory on the evidence taken at the

crime scene. Inventory receipt should be
properly signed by the 1st responder, SOCO
and the investigator.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 5: Duties and Responsibilities of the
Investigating Team

a. Take full control of the crime scene to include

the following:

 conduct of crime scene search;

 taking of photographs;
 making sketches;
 lifting of fingerprints;
 markings of physical evidence;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 5: Duties and Responsibilities of the
Investigating Team

a. Take full control of the crime scene to include

the following:

 transmittal of evidence to crime laboratory;

 interview of witnesses;
 gathering and evaluation of evidence;
 follow-up of the case; and
 the documentation and filing of appropriate
charges in court.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 5: Duties and Responsibilities of the
Investigating Team

b. Establish a command post in the immediate

vicinity of the crime scene;

c. Designate a holding area in the immediate

vicinity of the crime scene;

d. Conduct case conference with the FR, SOCO,

other law enforcers and rescue personnel;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 5: Duties and Responsibilities of the
Investigating Team

e. Note any secondary crime scene; and

f. Release the crime scene after investigation.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 6: Investigation of Suspects

a. Procedures when arrest is made:

1) Secure the person arrested;

2) Inform the arrested person on the cause of

his arrest and his rights;

3) Conduct thorough search;

4) Use reasonable force;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 6: Investigation of Suspects

a. Procedures when arrest is made:

5) Confiscated evidence shall be properly

documented and marked;

6) Bring the arrested person to the Police

Station for investigation.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 6: Investigation of Suspects

b. Booking Procedures of the Arrested Person/

Suspect:

1) The arrested suspect shall be fingerprinted,

photographed and subjected to medical
examination to include liquor and drug tests.

2) Conduct record check.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 7: Taking of Sworn Statement of Suspects

The execution of a suspect’s “WAIVER” as

stipulated in Art 125 of the RPC shall always be done
in the presence of his chosen counsel or any
independent counsel.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 8: Taking of Sworn Statement of Witness

a. Sworn statement of complainant/s and

witnesses must be taken immediately;

b. Affidavit of arrest of arresting officers must be

taken immediately not later than 24 hours.

c. In Inquest cases, the IOC and the arresting

officer/s shall observe Art.125 of the RPC.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 9: Preparation of Reports and Filing of
Charges

The IOC shall submit the following:

a. Spot report within 24 hours to NHQ;
b. Progress report;
c. After operation report;
d. Final Report after the case is filed before the
prosecutor’s office/court;
e. Accomplishment report.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 10: Procedure in the Release of Crime
Scene

a. Ensure that appropriate inventory has been

made;

b. Release is accomplished only after completion

of the final survey and proper documentation of
evidence, witnesses, victim/s, and suspect/s;
.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 10: Procedure in the Release of Crime
Scene

c. If the crime scene is within a private property,

the same must released to the lawful owner
witnessed by any barangay official. In case of
government facility, it should be released to the
administrator.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 11: Follow-up of Case

The investigator shall conduct police operation to

identify and apprehend suspect/s based on the
results of the initial investigation conducted.

Protocol 12: Preparation of Case Investigation Plan

The conduct of operation involving sensational

cases, high profile and heinous crimes must be
covered by CIPLAN.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 13: Attendance to Court Duties

The IOC and arresting officers shall endeavor to

ensure their attendance during court hearings while
the COPs/Heads of Units shall supervise and ensure
the attendance of witness/es.

Protocol 14: Uniform of the Investigator

Prescribed uniform should be worn by

investigators when conducting investigation so as to
identify them as PNP personnel.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

TOOLS OF AN INVESTIGATOR
IN GATHERING FACTS
1. Information - Data gathered by an investigator
from other persons including the victim himself.

2. Interview - Skillful questioning of witnesses and

suspects.

3. Instrumentation - Scientific examination of real

evidence, application of instrument and
methods of the physical sciences in detecting
crime.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PHASES OF INVESTIGATION
Phase I Identify the suspect/s through:

a. Confession;

b. Eyewitness testimony;

c. Circumstantial evidence; and

d. Associate evidence

Phase II Locate and apprehend suspect/s

Phase III. Gather and provide evidence to

establish the guilt of the accused.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

STANDARD METHODS
OF RECORDING
INVESTIGATIVE DATA
1. Photographs;

2. Sketching crime scenes;

3. Written notes;

4. Developing and lifting fingerprints;

5. Gathering physical evidence;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

STANDARD METHODS
OF RECORDING
INVESTIGATIVE DATA
6. Plaster cast;

7. Tape recording of sounds;

8. Video tape recording of objects; and

9. Written statements of subject(s) and witnesses

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

CRIME SCENE PROCESSING

The Crime Scene Search:

a. Processing and Securing a Crime Scene.

b. Protecting the Crime Scene and the

Evidence.

c. Laboratory examination of objects and

substances located usually at the crime
scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATORS NOTEBOOK
1. Purpose: Experienced investigators employ a
notebook to record the relevant details of the
case.

2. Recording Note: The data of the investigation

should be recorded in a complete, accurate
and legible fashion.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

COMMON INVESTIGATION
OVERSIGHTS
1. Incomplete Case Folder
2. No template for the conduct of investigation
3. Inadequacy of coordination
4. Failure to prosecute
5. Chain of Custody
6. Less appreciation of electronic evidence

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

GENERAL INVESTIGATIVE
PROCEDURES

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
1. Upon receipt of call/walk-in complainants

Duty Desk Officer shall:

a. Record the time it was reported;

b. Get the identity of the caller/complainant;

c. Get the place of the incident;

d. Get the nature of the incident;

e. Get the number of victim/s;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
1. Upon receipt of call/walk-in complainants

Duty Desk Officer shall:

g. Direct the nearest mobile car/beat patrollers

or the nearest police precinct to act as first
responder; and

h. Inform the duty investigator.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
2. At the crime scene
First Officer on The Scene:
 
a. Give first aid.

b. Decide whether a crime has been committed.

c. Apprehend the suspected offender.

d. Write down the names of all the persons at

the crime scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
2. At the crime scene
First Officer on The Scene:
 
e. Do not let anyone enter the crime scene
area.

f. Inform the police officer responsible for

deciding (COP/PD) on who is to carry out the
investigation.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
2. At the crime scene
First Officer on The Scene:

g. If shots have been fired, secure any evidence

of primer particles (gunpowder residue) on
hands.

h. Sent police officers to the hospital.

i. Cordon off a sufficiently large area.

j. Protect the crime scene from alteration.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
2. At the crime scene
First Officer on The Scene:

k. Make a note of the measures that are taken

and the persons who enter the crime scene.

l. Photograph and if appropriate video record

the crime scene and the adjacent area.

m. The First Responder shall be responsible for

the control of the crime scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene:

1) Receive the crime scene from the first

responder.
2) Record time/date of arrival at the crime
scene, location of the scene, condition of the
weather, condition and type of lighting,
direction of wind and visibility.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene:

3) Photograph/video the entire crime scene.
4) Before entering the crime scene, all
investigators must put on surgical gloves.
5) Before touching or moving any object at the
crime scene in a homicide or murder case,
determine first the status of the victim whether
he is still alive or already dead.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene

6) Designate a member of the team or ask other

policemen or responsible persons to stand
watch and secure the scene.

7) Identify and retain for questioning the person

who first notified the police.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

a. Upon arrival at the crime scene:

8) Determine the assailant through inquiry or

observe him if his identity is immediately
apparent.

9) Separate witnesses in order to get

independent statements.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

b. Recording

As a rule, do not touch, alter or remove

anything until the evidence has been processed
through notes, sketches, photograph and proper
measurements.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

c. Searching for evidence:

1) A general survey of the scene is always

made.

2) In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas,

a systematic search of evidence is initiated.

3) Give particular attention to fragile

evidence.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

c. Searching for evidence:

4) If any doubt exists as to the value of an item,
treat it as evidence until proven otherwise.
5) Ensure that the item or area where latent
fingerprints maybe present is closely
examined.
6) Carefully protect any impression of
evidentiary value in surfaces conducive to
making casts or molds.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

c. Searching for evidence:

7) Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within

the scene.

8) Treat as evidence all other items such as

hairs, fibers and earth particles foreign to the
area in which they are found.

9) Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to

the conclusion of the processing of the scene.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

c. Searching for evidence:

10) Further search may be necessary after the

evidence and the statements obtained have
been evaluated.

11) In large outdoors area, it is advisable to

divide the area into strips about four (4) feet
wide.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

c. Searching for evidence:

12) It maybe advisable to make a search beyond
the area considered to be the immediate
scene of the incident.

13) After completing the search of the scene, the

investigator examines the object or person
actually attacked by the offender.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

c. Searching for evidence:

14) In a homicide case, the position of the victim
should be outlined with a chalk or any
suitable material before the body is removed
from the scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

d. Collection of evidence:
 Fragile evidence should be collected as they
are found.

 All firearms found to have tampered SNs shall

be automatically subjected to macro etching
at the PNP Crime Laboratory.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

d. Collection of evidence:
 A corresponding request to the Firearms and
Explosive Office must be made for verification
purposes.

 The investigator places his initials, the date

and time of discovery on each item of
evidence for proper identification.

 Items that could not be marked should be

placed in a suitable container and sealed.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

e. Markings of evidence
Markings on the specimen must at least
contain the following:

1) Exhibit Case Number

2) Initials and or signature of the collecting
officer.

3) Time and date of collection.

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PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

f. Evaluation of evidence

Each item of evidence must be evaluated in

relation to all the evidence individually and
collectively.

g. Preservation of evidence
It is the investigators responsibility to ensure that
every precaution is exercised to preserve physical
evidence.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

h. Releasing of evidence
All collected evidence can only be released upon
order of the court or prosecutor.

i. Chain of Custody
A list of all persons who came into possession
of an item of evidence, continuity of possession or
the chain of custody, must be established
whenever evidence is presented in court as an
exhibit.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

j. Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory

The following principles should be observed in

handling all types of evidence:

1) The evidence should reach the laboratory in

same condition as when it was found, as much
as possible.
 
2) The quantity of specimen should be
adequate.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
3. Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene

j. Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory

3) Submit standard specimen for comparison

purposes.
4) Keep each specimen separate from
others.

5) Mark or label each of evidence for positive I

identification.
6) The chain of custody of evidence must be
maintained.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES

4. Methods of Crime Scene Search

a. Strip Search Method

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES

4. Methods of Crime Scene Search

b. Double Strip Search Method

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PROCEDURES

4. Methods of Crime Scene Search

c. Spiral Search Method

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES

4. Methods of Crime Scene Search

d. Zone Search Method

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES

4. Methods of Crime Scene Search

e. Wheel Search Method

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
5. Procedures on taking photographs:

a. Overall photos of the scene are taken.

b. Photograph the scene in a clockwise pattern.

c. Photograph the body and the immediate vicinity.

d. Keep a photo log.

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6. Procedures on making a sketch:

a. To establish admissibility, the investigator must

have personal observation of the data in question.

b. REMINDER: Sketches are not a substitute for

notes or photos.

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PROCEDURES
6. Procedures on making a sketch

c. Types of sketches:
 

1) Floor plan or “bird’s-eye view”;

2) Elevation drawing;
3) Exploded view; and
4) Respective drawings.

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6. Procedures on making a sketch:

d) Write down all measurements.

e) Fill in all the details on your rough sketch at the

scene.

f) Keep the rough sketch even when you have

completed the final sketch.

g) Indicate the North direction with an arrow.

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6. Procedures on making a sketch:

h. Draw the final sketch to scale

i. Indicate the PLACE in the sketch as well as the

person who drew it.

j. Indicate the position, location and relationship of

objects.

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6. Procedures on making a sketch:

k. Methods or systems of locating points (objects)

on sketch:

1) Rectangular coordinates.

2) Coordinates constructed on transecting base

line.

3) Triangulation.

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6. Procedures on making a sketch:

l. Critical measurements, such as skid marks,

should be checked by two (2) investigators.

m. Measurements should be harmony.  

n. Use standard symbols in the sketch.
o. Show which way the doors swing.
p. Show with arrow the direction of stairways.
q. Recheck the sketch for clarity, accuracy, scale,
and title key.
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
7. Procedures on lifting fingerprints
a. Dusting for Latent Fingerprints:

1) Pour a small amount of powder into a piece of

paper or a shallow bowl.

2) Touch the tip of the brush to the powder being

careful not to pick up too much.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
7. Procedures on lifting fingerprints
a. Dusting for Latent Fingerprints:

3) Apply the powder to the surface gently, using

short strokes.

4) When a print begins to appear, begin making

the brush strokes to conform to the pattern of
the ridges.

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7. Procedures on lifting fingerprints

b. Lifting of Latent Fingerprints:

1) Pull off approximately 3 inches of tape from

the roll.

2) Begin pressing the tape from the leading edge

with a back and forth motion of a finger.

3) Continue pressing the tape an inch or more

past the latent.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
7. Procedures on lifting fingerprints
b. Lifting of Latent Fingerprints:

4) To make the lift, use a steady, even pull.

 
5) Once the tape is pulled beyond the latent print
and the print is lifted, stop so that the leading
edge is still in contact with the surface.
 
6) The print should be mounted on some form of
backing material.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
7. Procedures on lifting fingerprints

c. Taking Plain impressions:

1) DO NOT ROLL the fingers when inking or

taking the impression.

2) Use the same position as when rolling the

fingers.

3) Ink the right thumb by pressing it straight

down onto the ink surface (do not roll).

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
7. Procedures on lifting fingerprints

c. Taking Plain impressions:

4) Ink the remaining four fingers simultaneously

by pressing them onto the ink surface.

5) Repeat the same procedure with the left

hand.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
8. SOCO Assistance

a. In cases where the crime scene needs special

processing due to its significance or because of
its sensational nature, the SOCO specialists of
the PNP Crime Laboratory shall be requested.

b. If the situation involves a clandestine drug

laboratory, biological weapons, radiological or
chemical threats, the appropriate agency should
be contacted prior to entering the scene.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
8. SOCO Assistance

1) Significant Cases:

a) Bombing Incident

b) Initiated terrorist activities

c) Raids, ambuscade, liquidation

d) KFR case

e) Armed Robbery of Banks

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE
 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
8. SOCO Assistance

1) Significant Cases:

f) Financial institution

g) Calamity/Disaster

h) Massacre

i) Heinous crimes (as defined by law)

j) Murder, Homicide, Arson, Rape with
Homicide
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
8. SOCO Assistance

2) Sensational Cases:

a) Elected Public Officials (Brgy Captain up to

President of the RP)

b) Appointed public officials with the rank of

commissioner, secretary and undersecretary

c) Foreign diplomat

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
8. SOCO Assistance

b. Sensational Cases:
d) Any foreigner
e) PNP/AFP personnel
f) Former high-ranking government officials
g) Other prominent figures such as movie stars,
sports stars, tri-media practitioners,
prominent businessmen, professionals, and
prominent leaders of religious organizations.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

PROCEDURES
9. Release of Crime Scene
Ensure that appropriate inventory has been
provided.
 
a. Release the scene with the notion that there is
only one chance to perform job correctly and
completely.

b. Release is accomplished only after completion

of the final survey and proper documentation.

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

THE GOLDEN HOUR

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION

Initial Phase of Investigation

The first 72 hours (“Golden Hour”) of a major

case such as murder or kidnapping/abduction
investigation (crimes of violence investigation) is
crucial.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

a. Investigator-on-case shall immediately request

for technical assistance of the SOCO Team
from the local PNP Crime Laboratory Office thru
the City/Provincial Office TOC.

b. Only duly-trained investigators can process the

crime scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

c. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC:

1) Makes a general assessment of the scene;

2) Takes a cautious walk-through;
3) Jots down notes;
4) Documents/records important factors;
5) Establishes the evidence;

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

c. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC:

6) Defines the extent of the search area;

7) Determines personnel, organization and

equipment needed;

8) Develops a general theory of the crime scene

to set his plan in motion.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

d. The initial information to be clarified and

assessed in order to survey the situation and to
create bases for priorities and directions:

1) When, where and why did it happen?

2) Who is the victim?

3) Possible motive/s?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

d. 4) How did the perpetrator gain entry into the

crime scene and how did he flee the scene?
When?

5) Is the perpetrator to be found among a

selected few?

6) Could any specific individual be suspected?

Why?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

d. 7) Is there a description of the perpetrators?

Accomplices?
8) Is there any information on vehicles used?

9) Is there anything missing from the crime

scene or from the victim?

10) Did the perpetrator leave anything behind?

Through which he could be traced?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INITIAL INVESTIGATION
Initial Phase of Investigation

d. 11) Are there any other incidents, occurrences,

circumstances or observations that could be
connected with the crime?

12) Determine if the particular area is the

primary crime scene or is it just the finding
place and the crime happened in some
other place?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
The Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO) specialists
of the Crime Laboratory shall be requested in cases
where the crime scene needs special processing due
to its significance or because of its sensational
nature.

The investigator-on-case must, however, remain

at all times responsible for and in-charge of the
crime scene and shall always be present during the
whole SOCO operations.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
The investigator-on-case shall conduct interviews
and gather as much information as he can at the
crime scene.

It is also imperative that whenever a crime of

violence or any other major or sensational crime
occurs that an On-Scene Command Post (OSCP)
be immediately established adjacent to the crime
scene.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Who received the report of the incident?

1 How was it received?
When was it received (time)?

Who reported the incident?

Name, address:
2 Phone number.
Where the concerned could be reached in the
near future.

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Factual information. What happened; Time,

3 place? Circumstances surrounding the
incident? Is the suspect identified? Weapons?

Initial measures undertaken:

4 Date, time
Responsible officer

5 Response time?

6 Logbook?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Measures undertaken by the first officer

7
arriving at the scene?

a. Murder: (body still on the scene)

- Post-mortem changes
- Algor mortis (blood circulation stops)
- Livor mortis (body cools down)
- Rigor mortis (Body becomes rigid)
- Life-saving measures?

Is it the scene, the primary crime scene or

finding place

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

b. Murder: (body brought to hospital)

- Officers immediately ordered to proceed to the
hospital?
- Seizure of the victim’s clothes?
- Interviews with attending hospital staff
- Who brought the body to the hospital
- How has clothing been handled
- Presence of wallet
- Mobile phone
- ID-card
- Other items etc.
- If shots have been fired, paraffin casting of the
person’s hands for extraction of gunpowder residue

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST

# ACTIVITY YES NO

c. Kidnapping/Abduction:
- Accurate description of the kidnapped person?
- Accurate description of all circumstances
around the abduction?
- Collection of dental records, x-ray pictures?
- Collection of medical records, x-ray pictures?
- Seizure of DNA-carrying items (toothbrush,
safety razor, combs)?
- Fingerprints?
- Comparison samples from relatives (preferably
mother)?
- Photos?
- Flash alarm?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO
d. In all cases:
- Cordon off a sufficiently large area around the crime
scene, taking into account perpetrator’s potential hide-
out, ports of entry and departure?
- Ensure protection of the cordoned off crime scene and
secure evidence that could be destroyed by external
factors?
- Record or take note of everyone who enters the crime
scene.
- Notes of bystanders?
- Make a documentation of the crime scene (photo or
sketch)?
- Make a description of the surrounding area of the scene
(dwellings, shops, bus stops, restaurants etc., security
guards, pulis “OYSTERS”, etc.).
- Take note of license numbers of parked cars in the
vicinity/area (potential witnesses)?
- Check for Presence of CCTV
- Mobile phone?

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Crime scene examination:

- Outcome of proceedings (protocol)?
- Documentation (photos, videos, sketches)?
8 - Collected samples?
- Further forensic investigations?
- Results?
- Prudence of early decision to lift cordons?

Organizational set-up:
- Structure? SITG?
- Allocation of resources (reinforcements)?
- Officer-in-charge?
- Priorities and directions?
9 - Tasking?
- Documentation?
- Daily briefings?
- Contingency plans?
Media relations (monitoring and collection of articles, and
other media coverage of the incident)?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Alert other police stations and units in the adjacent

10 areas?
- Routines?

Immediate measures to track down and apprehend the

perpetrator?
11 - Check-points etc.?
- Employment of canine?
- Flash alarms?

Canvassing operation (house- to- house) around the

crime scene and the route of escape?
12 - Prepared templates with battery of questions?
- Comparison materials (cars, colors, etc.).
- Interviews?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Other initial measures:

- Secured CCTV footages?
- Interview of people on the spot?
- Treatment of witnesses and family of the victim?
- Request of lists of mobile communications in the
area during critical time (mobile phone operators)?
- Interviews with ambulance staff or other people
13
bringing the body from the scene (if victim was
alive did he say something?).
- If victim alive at hospital and under treatment,
presence of investigator?
- Man hotline?
- Other incidents connected to the case at hand?
- Contact with prosecutor?

Post- mortem examination and autopsy?

14 - Cause of death?
Collection of evidence?
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Identification and profiling of the victim:

- Identity established (how)?
- News of the death to relatives?
- Interviews with relatives, neighbors, friends,
colleagues, employers etc.
- Any items missing?
- Indications that the victim belonged to target
groups of extra-legal killings (activists, journalists,
15
trade unionists or farmers‟ representatives)?
- Search in database and computer files?
- Examination of incoming and outgoing phone
calls from landlines and mobile phones?
- Examination of bank accounts, credit cards and
insurance status?
- Previous convictions or suspicions of crimes?
Affiliations, threats, plausible motives?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

House search at victim’s dwelling and other premises, cars,

etc?
- Seizure and analysis of computers,
- Mobile phones,
16 - Pagers, diaries,
- Photos,
- Letters,
- Receipts,
Balance sheets etc.

Second wave measures generated from item 1 – 16?

- Interviews with identified key persons?
- Identified prime crime scene (if finding place)?
- House searches and seizures?
- Detailed and extended search outside of the crime scene
17 - Analysis of phone lists?
- Search in database and computer files regarding similar cases
(modus operandi, including verbal modus)
- Vehicles
- Previous suspects of similar crimes etc.?
- Coordination?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Identification of suspect?
- Physical evidence?
- Eye witnesses (line-up, video, photo
18
identification)?
- Composite sketches?
Flash alarm?

19 Witness protection?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO

Arrest of suspect?
- Tracking team (man-hunt)?
- Electronic surveillance devices?
- Plans for safe arrest (search in database,
weapons, is suspect armed and dangerous,
etc.?
- Assessment (accomplices, witnesses
20 around the suspect, alibis etc.?
- House searches (presence of SOCO)?
- Seizures and analysis?
- Body search (medical examinations)?
- If shots were fired (primers, gunshot
residues)?
- Seizure of clothing?
- Chain of custody (anti-contamination)?

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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
# ACTIVITY YES NO
Interview with the suspect?
- Planning and preparation?
21 - Recording and documentation?
- Defense lawyer?
Presence of defense lawyer, prosecutor?
Reconstruction?
- Revisit to the crime scene with witnesses,
22
suspect?
- Documentation?
Structure of crime file/ records?
23 - Presentation of the findings and results
- Communication with prosecutor?
Re-evaluation of the investigation?
- Appraisal reports from involved officers?
24
Feed-back from prosecutor?
Follow-up on pervasion through the system?
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 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

INVESTIGATOR’S CHECKLIST
Remarks:

Recommendations:

The checklists are only meant as a guide and not as a substitute

for critical thinking. In some cases certain items can probably be
left out, while others must be added.
INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE
 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

QUESTION?

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE

 Lesson 7.1 – Introduction to Criminal Investigation

SUMMARY

During this lesson, you have learned the

following:

 General Principles of Investigation

 General Investigative Procedures
 The Golden Hour

INVESTIGATION OFFICERS BASIC COURSE