CHAPTER 30

First Aid and

Emergencies
 Define first aid Perform basic
management. cardiopulmonary
Enlist basic resuscitation.
principles and Explain foreign
scopes of first aid bodies and first aid
management. nursing care of
Describe first aid patient with foreign
Learning management of bodies.
various Perform first aid
Objectives
emergencies like nursing care of
wounds, patients with
hemorrhage and various poisoning.
shock. Explain community
Explain emergencies and its
musculoskeletal management.
injuries and its first
aid management.
Describe
respiratory
  Basic principles of  Transportation of an
first aid injured person
 Aims of first aid  Respiratory
management emergencies
 Scope of first aid  Hanging,
 Golden rules for strangulation and
first aid throttling
 Addressing the  Inhalation of fumes

CHAPTER emergency
situations
 Asthma
 Cardiopulmonary

OUTLINE
 First aid kit resuscitation (CPR)
 First aider  Unconsciousness
 First aid  Foreign bodies—skin,
management of eye, ear, nose, throat
various emergency and stomach
conditions  Burns and scalds
 Wounds  Poisoning, bites and
 Bleeding and stings
haemorrhage  Frostbite
 Shock  Effects of heat
 Musculoskeletal  Community
injuries—fractures, emergencies
dislocation, muscles
INTRODUCTION

First aid is the first and quick help

given to any individual experiencing
either a minor or actual disease or
injury, given to protect life, prevent
the condition from deteriorating.
 • First aid is the initial, quick and temporary
care given to the victim of
accident/injured/sick person until the medical
professional arrives.
DEFINITIO • First aid is the first assistance or support
NS OF given to a casualty or a sick person for injury
or any sudden illness before the arrival of an
FIRST AID ambulance, a qualified paramedical or
medical person or before arriving at a facility
MANAGEM that can provide professional medical care.
ENT
—(NDMA & IRCS Manual, St Johns
Ambulance Manual)
• According to American College of
Emergency Physicians (ACEP) First Aid
Manual, first aid is the initial assistance or
treatment given to a person who is injured or
suddenly becomes ill.
  
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
FIRST AID
• Safe response in crisis/situation for well-being of
the victim, bystander and helper/assistance.
• Minimize further injury to the victim by fixing/
stabilizing the situation.
• Use suitable technique and first aid procedure.
• Move the victim carefully, to reduce pain, to
stabilize the condition.
• Reassure and instruct the victim.
• Communicate with a bystander and emergency first
aider.
AIMS OF FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

The aims of first aid management

include 5Ps.

• Life Preservation
• Protection of victim
• Pain relief
• Prevent or control on worsening of the
condition of the patient
• Provide psychological support and
SCOPE OF FIRST AID

Diagnosis

Scope of Treatment

first aid Disposal

 SCOPE OF FIRST
AID
DIAGNOSIS
• First aider should know how the accident or sudden
injury/damage has happened.
• First aider can gather this information from the victim
if the victim is able to speak or from the witnesses or
bystanders. This is known as the history of the
incident.
• Watch the victim for symptoms like fainting, thirst,
pain or shivering, bleeding and cyanosis.
• Look for the signs, which are different from normal
conditions. Signs are the most accurate information or
indicators, therefore diagnosis should be based on
signs.
 SCOPE OF FIRST
AID
TREATMENT
• In treatment, the first aider should
eliminate the cause of the condition as
soon as possible, to prevent worsening
of the condition.
• Special care should be given to the
victim, with severe bleeding, shock,
unconsciousness and failure of
breathing.
SCOPE OF FIRST AID
DISPOSAL
• In disposal, the victim must be examined
by the doctor on the spot. If this is not
possible, the victim should be transported
to the hospital/home depending on the
condition of the patient.
• The family members of the victims
should be informed immediately, and
make arrangements for transportation of
the victim.
GOLDEN RULES FOR FIRST AID
FIRST AID RULES
 ADDRESSING THE EMERGENCY
SITUATIONS

Quick
• Assess the consciousness level, respiratory
patterns. Check airway, breathing and
circulation. Provide comfortable position to

assessment patient Initial assessment shall focus on life-

threatening illness.

Call for • Once evaluation is done, call for help.

Inform help needed like what happened,

help
number of injured persons, kind of injuries
are there and provide details of location.

Provide first • Do not give anything to eat or drink if the

victim is drowsy, unconscious, nauseated,

aid severely injured. Provide psychological

support and reassure the victim.

Inform the • If serious accident/damage has

police occurred.
FIRST AID KIT
 FIRST AIDER
• A first aider is a person who
can provide emergency care
to the victim at the time of
accidents or any kind of
mishap.
• A first aider should know
what is best and what is
needed.
QUALITIES OF A FIRST AIDER
Qualities of first aider
Qualities of first aider

Good observer Good thinker

Tactful Good decision maker

Resourceful Confident

Discriminate Good judgement

Cool and calm Good leader

 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF
VARIOUS EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

WOUNDS

Any disruption/breakage in the skin

or the body surface due to physical
means is known as a wound.
TYPES OF WOUNDS
• Penetrating wounds: Wounds that break the full thickness of the
skin.
• Non-penetrating wounds: Wounds that do not break.
• Miscellaneous wounds: The types of miscellaneous wounds are:
a) Thermal wound: Injuries from extreme heat and cold is known as
thermal wound. For example, burn, sunburn and frostbite.
b) Chemical wounds: When injuries are caused by coming in contact
with chemicals like strong acid or base or due to inhalation of
chemical material.
c) Bites and stings: It is caused due to bites of humans, rodents, cats,
dogs, snakes, scorpions and ticks.
d) Electrical wounds: Injuries results from the passage of high
TYPES OF WOUNDS
TYPES OF WOUNDS
TYPES OF WOUNDS
MANAGEMENT OF MINOR
WOUNDS
• Clean the wound under
running water with soap.
• Apply constant, firm and
direct pressure on the wound
till the bleeding stops.
• If bleeding stops,
immediately apply antibiotic
ointment after cleaning.
MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR WOUNDS

• Firstly call for medical help.

• Apply constant firm and direct pressure on
the wound with a clean cloth and bandage
till bleeding stops.
• If the bandage soaks with bleeding, do not
separate that bandage from the wound.
• Apply more pressure and bandages on the
wound. A pressure bandage may be applied.
In this case, monitor peripheral pulse for
blood circulation assessment.
 BLEEDING AND
HEMORRHAGE
Hemorrhage or bleeding is
defined as an abnormal
flow of blood from an
artery, vein and capillary
due to injury or rupture. It
can be internal or external.
TYPES OF HEMORRHAGE
TYPES OF HEMORRHAGE
 FIRST AID NURSING
MANAGEMENT FOR
INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE
• Lay the victim in a comfortable position and immobilize the
victim.
• Reassure the casualty/victim.
• Provide a blanket to keep the body warm, according to weather.
• Do not allow the victim to take anything by mouth.
• Check ABC, if the victim is unconscious.
• Keep the victim in a side-lying position to prevent aspiration if
he/she is unconscious.
• Raise his/her leg 8–12 inches by a pillow to treat shock.
• Immediately take him/her to the hospital for the medical facility.
 FIRST AID NURSING
MANAGEMENT FOR EXTERNAL
HEMORRHAGE
• Check the body surface to find the location of bleeding.
• If any foreign body is visible, remove that to prevent further injuries.
• Clean the wound with a clean cloth and provide a comfortable
position to the victim.
• Put a clean/sterile gauge on the wound and press firmly for 10
minutes to stop bleeding.
• If bleeding continues after 10 minutes, then raise that body part above
the level of the heart to decrease blood flow to the injured part.
• Keep victim warm and recheck circulation every 20–30 minutes.
• Raise legs of the victim 8-12 inches, to treat shock.
• Immediately transport him/her to a nearby hospital for a medical
facility.
HOW TO CONTROL
BLEEDING?
 SHOCK
• Condition in which the blood
circulation towards vitals organs
is depleted and vitals fall below
normal is called shock.
• It is a life-threatening condition
because it decreases the function
of vital organs, if it is not treated
 CAUSES OF SHOCK
• Various cardiac problems like cardiac failure
or heart attack
• Any kind of allergic reactions
• Severe hemorrhage due to injuries and
accidents (may be internal and external)
• Loss of fluid from the body due to severe
diarrhea and vomiting
• Electrical shock
• Severe burn and dehydration
• Bacterial infection
• Extreme heat and cold exposure
TYPES OF SHOCK
TYPES OF SHOCK
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK

• Cold and clammy skin

• Pale and cyanosis
• Pulse is weak and rapid
• Low BP (blood pressure)
• Fainting/dizziness and level of consciousness reduced
• Diminished vision
• Increased breathing pattern
• Dilated pupils
• Nausea/vomiting
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR
SHOCK

• Firstly reassure the victim.

• Provide a comfortable position to the victim.
• Elevate foot-end side to improve blood supply to the heart
and reduce blood flow to extremities.
• In case of head injury, reduce the pressure by raising the
head slightly.
• If a breathing problem is observed, then raise head and
shoulder by providing a comfortable position to the victim.
• Loosen the tight clothing around the neck, chest and waist.
It helps in circulation and assists in breathing.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR
SHOCK

• Provide a blanket to the victim, to keep the body warm.

• Stop bleeding by pressure and immobilize fracture part
to treat the cause of shock.
• Check pulse, respiration and level of consciousness.
• If pulse and breathing stop, immediately establish an
airway.
• Start resuscitation as possible.
• Keep the victim in the recovery position.
• Transport to the nearest hospital without any delay.
SPECIFIC NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
FOR SHOCK MANAGEMENT
 MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES –
FRACTURES, DISLOCATION,
MUSCLE INJURIES

Musculoskeletal injuries are the

injuries to bone, muscle, ligament
and tendon due to accident, fall, any
force, imbalanced posture, strenuous
exercises which affect the movement
of the body.
 FRACTURE
Fracture is defined as breakage in the
continuity of bone due to any external force.

CAUSES
• Direct force: Bone is broken by direct blow
of force, e.g., fall, bullet pass through bone
or a wheel passed over the body.
• Indirect force: Bone breaks away from that
point on which force is blown/applied, e.g.,
fracture of the collar bone.
TYPES OF
FRACTUR
ES
TYPES OF FRACTURES
TYPES OF FRACTURES
 TYPES
OF
FRACTU
RES
TYPES OF FRACTURES
 • Pain at the site of injury
• Swelling
• Difficulty in moving
• Crepitus sound at the site of
SIGNS AND
fracture
SYMPTOMS
• Tenderness
OF
• Limb may be shortened,
FRACTURE
twisted and bent
• Loss of function
• Bleeding from the wound
• Shock in severe cases
 • To prevent the victim
AIMS OF from further
harm/injury
FIRST AID
FOR • To decrease pain
FRACTURE • To treat shock
• To get medical facility
as soon as possible
FIRST AID FOR FRACTURED
PATIENT
 DISLOCATION
• Dislocation is defined as the destruction of tissues
around the joints and displacement of bones.
• Most common joints that can dislocate are shoulder,
knees, jaw, thumbs, and finger joints.

CAUSES
• Sudden twist
• Fall
• Car accident
• Contact sports injuries
• Muscle weakness
 • Severe pain
• Unable to move
joint
• Swelling
SIGNS AND • Bruising
SYMPTOMS • Bending and
OF shortening of
DISLOCATI joint (deformity)
 FIRST AID FOR
DISLOCATION
• Ensure the victim stays calm.
• Help the victim to hold up the dislocated joint
in a comfortable position.
• By using bandages, immobilize dislocated
joint.
• In case of arm displacement, use sling to
support arm.
• In case of leg injuries, broad fold bandages or
padding must be used.
• Use an ice pack to reduce pain and swelling
around joints.
 MUSCLE INJURIES
Muscle injuries occur due to over-stretching of
muscles because of sudden exertion and twisting of
any body part. A commonly known muscle injury is
strain. SIGNS AND
CAUSES
SYMPTOMS
• Too much physical
• Severe pain
exertion
• Improper warming • Swelling
up before physical • Difficulty to move
activity injured part
• Less flexibility in • Discoloration
• Bruising of skin
 FIRST AID FOR MUSCLE
INJURIES
• Provide a comfortable position and
reassure the victim.
• If possible, put a firm bandage before
swelling occurs.
• After the application of the bandage,
wet it with cold water and keep it wet.
• If an ice pack is available, then apply it
over the injured part to reduce swelling.
• Take the patient to the doctor.
TRANSPORTATION OF AN
INJURED PATIENT
• Vital step of action.
• Healthcare provider who is first aider should check the
casualty before transportation for:
 Victim’s respiration to be normal.
 Normal pulse rate.
 Bleeding should be arrested.
 Injured part should be well-supported or immobilized.
 Transportation must be done in that way so that no
further injury occurs.
 Always keep the victim warm.
 GENERAL
PRINCIPLES OF
HANDLING
INJURED
CASUALTY
BEFORE
TRANSPORTAT
ION
METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION
Methods of transportation
Manual
Carry chair Stretchers Rescue by
lifting
By one Air –
first aider helicopter
Land –
By two ambulanc
first e,
aiders motorbik
es
Water –
boat
 MANUAL LIFTING
• Safe method for first aider as well as the victim.
• General rules to be kept in mind while using manual lift
are following:
 Always use the strongest muscles of body parts, i.e.,
shoulder, thigh and hip muscles.
 Keep feet wide apart to keep the body well-balanced and
stable. A wide base helps to have better stability.
 Keep back straight, to prevent strain on the back.
 Hold with your entire hand.
 Hold the victim as close as feasible.
 Bring down the victim if imbalance is felt.
 Change position of the first aider if there are two first
aiders and begin lifting again.
MANUAL LIFT BY ONE FIRST AIDER

Human crutch

Drag method
Cradle method

Pick a back
Fireman’s lift and carry
method
 HUMAN CRUTCH

• Reassure the victim. For this method, the victim must be

conscious and capable of giving assistance.
• Stand on the weaker side of the victim and wrap the
weaker arm around the neck (of the first aider).
• Hold the wrist (of the arm around the neck of the first
aider) and support the victim taking a firm grip of the
clothes at the waist on the far side of the body. The injured
side of the casualty should be closest to the rescuer.
• Walk with the victim and take small steps.
• Provide a stick for walking to the victim, if he/she needs
extra help.
HUMAN CRUTCH
 DRAG METHOD
• This type of method is used when the injured victim
requires to move immediately from the source of
danger, and when the victim is not able to move.
• Steps of using drag method:
 Reassure the victim.
 Keep the victim’s arms across his/her chest.
 Crouch at the head end of the victim.
 Hold the armpit and support the victim’s head on the first
aider's forearms.
 Drag the victim along with ground without lifting.
 CRADLE METHOD

• This method is used for an injured child because

children are lighter and can be easily lifted.
• Steps for using cradle method:
Place one arm under the victim’s knees or
thighs.
Place another hand around the trunk or above
the waist.
Lift the victim and transfer him.
 PICK A BACK

• Victim is carried out in a normal fashion.

• Used when the victim is small, light, oriented and able to hold the
arm.
• Steps to be followed include:
– First aider stands in front of the victim. First aider lowers down
oneself and brings the arms of the victim on shoulders and lifts
the victim.
– Victim’s hips and body literally drapes across the rescuer’s back.
– After that, raise the victim’s trunk by passing your hand under
the victim’s armpits.
– Hold his wrist on the injured chest.
– Lift the injured person and walk in step.
PICK A BACK
 FIREMAN’S LIFT
• Used when the injured person is light weight.
• Steps to be followed are:
• Reassure victim.
• Assist victim to raise in an upright position. The victim and first aider should be
face to face.
• Hold the victim’s right wrist with left hand.
• Bend downward with the First aider’s head below the victim’s extended right
arm.
• With the dominant hand, support the body of the victim.
• Allow the victim’s body to lean on the right shoulder of the first aider. Adjust the
victim’s body appropriately.
• While lifting up the victim, the first aider should stand straight. Wrap around the
arm of the victim across the first aider’s chest.
• Keep your left side hand free.
FIREMAN’S LIFT
 Manual lifting by two first
aiders

• Methods:
Two handed seat
Four handed seat
Fore and aft method
 TWO HANDED
SEAT
• Used for those injured persons who are not able
to help first aider.
• Steps to be followed are:
Both first aiders squat facing each other on
either side of the victim.
Reach under the victim’s shoulders and under
their knees.
First aiders grasp each other’s wrists.
From the squat, with good lifting technique,
first aiders stand.
Hold each other’s wrists if possible, otherwise
TWO HANDED SEAT
FOUR HANDED SEAT
• Used when the victim is able to support the first
aider by using one or both arms, in which the
victim is conscious.
• Steps to be followed include:
First aiders stand facing each other.
Both first aiders make seat by holding their
own left wrist by their own right hand.
With free hand, first aiders hold each other’s
wrists.
Guide victim to put an arm around the neck of
first aiders and sit on the hands of first aiders.
Lift together by keeping back straight, walk
FOUR HANDED SEAT
 FORE AND AFT
METHOD
• Used to put an unconscious victim on a
stretcher or a carry chair.
• Steps to be followed are:
Firstly, put the victim’s arms over his abdomen.
Squat at the backside of the victim and slide
arms below his/her armpits, then hold his/her
wrist.
Command another person (first aider) to squat
between the legs of the victim, and hold the
victim below his/her knees.
Lift together by keeping your back straight,
walk together at the same pace.
FORE AND AFT METHOD
 CARRY CHAIR
• Commonly known as the chair method.
• Used for those people who are not with serious injury
and are conscious.
• Used to take the victim upstairs or downstairs and the
victim can be seated onMethods
a simple chair, and is carried
by two first aiders.
Chair method

Wheel chair method

 CHAIR METHOD
• First aider can use an ordinary chair.
• Steps to be followed:
Check that the chair is strong enough to
carry the victim.
Help the victim to sit on the chair and
secure the victim with the help of bandages.
Stand, one in front and another one behind
the victim.
Support backside of chair and victim.
Second person holds chair from front legs.
To secure the victim, tilt the chair backward
CHAIR METHOD
 Wheel chair method
All the steps are the same as the chair
method but points to remember in wheel
chair method are (those which are different
from the chair method):
• Firstly, find out breaks of wheel chair.
• Secondly, lock the brakes.
• Hold chair from their handles or fixed
parts (these are secured parts of the chair)
and never by wheels.
 STRETCHERS
Used to take away seriously injured person so, that
further risk of injury can be minimized and used to carry
an injured person to ambulance or the shelter.
The principles of using stretcher:
• Check the stretcher to make sure that it is in
working condition.
• Assess that the stretcher is solid/strong
enough to bear the weight of an injured
person.
• Always explain and reassure the injured
person before putting the victim over the
stretcher.
STRETCH
ER
 TYPES OF
STRETCHERS
Standard
stretcher
Pole and canvas
stretcher
Improvised
stretcher
Trolley cot
 STANDARD STRETCHER
• Also known as Furley stretcher.
• This type of stretcher contains one
plastic sheet or a canvas, which is
connected with two carrying poles with
one stand on the lower side.
• The transverses are attached to open and
close the stretcher easily.
• When we close the stretcher, plastic
sheet/canvas folds on top and poles lie
 STEPS OF USING STANDARD
STRETCHER
• Unwrap canvas and pull the poles to
be separated.
• Push outward and face toward
transverse open.
• The stretcher should be held upward
on its end and open another
transverse by pressing over it.
 STEPS OF FOLDING A STANDARD
STRETCHER

• Put the stretcher on the side.

• Now, release the hinged transverse.
• Together join both poles, then wrap
canvas cleanly upon poles.
• At last first aider should
secure/protect the stretcher with the
help of a strap.
POLE AND CANVAS STRETCHER

• Most commonly used stretcher, which is used to

carry the victim from one to another
stretcher/from stretcher to trolley.
• It contains one plastic/canvas sheet with handle,
side sleeves and pair of poles.
• To make the stretcher stable and hard/rigid,
open the rods by fixing them over the ends of
poles to keep them apart.
 IMPROVISED
STRETCHER
• Used in emergency conditions, when there is no
availability of a proper stretcher.
• For this, two rods(wooden branches of the same
size can also be used as an improvised method) are
required.
• Pass rods through the sleeves of a coat.
• Fasten the buttons of the coat.
• Victim shall sit on the coat between the rods.
• Check the strength of the stretcher to make sure that
the victim is safe.
 TROLLEY COT

• It is fully fit stretcher beds on wheels

commonly available in hospitals.
• In trolley cot, adjust the height at just
above knees level, backrest can be
used if needed, according to the
condition of the victim.
• It has side rails to protect patient
from falling and straps for protection
 STEPS OF USING ONE
BLANKET OR SHEET
OVER
•STRETCHER
Put blanket or sheet above stretcher diagonally.
• Hang blanket corners at the sides of the stretcher, both top
and bottom.
• Reassure the victim.
• Explain the procedure to the victim.
• Place the victim at the center of the stretcher.
• With the help of a blanket from the corner side, at the
bottom, cover the victim’s feet and tuck it around the ankle.
• Take one side of blanket/sheet above the victim, then tuck it
safely under the victim.
• Repeat the same thing along with the other side of the
blanket or sheet.
STEPS OF USING TWO BLANKETS OR SHEETS

• Put the first blanket lengthwise along with stretcher, with one edge
covering half handles at the head, after that open the sides of the
stretcher.
• Double/fold second blanket (same as first) lengthwise into three
parts.
• Put on the blanket on a stretcher along with the upper edge, about
one-third of the way down the stretcher, leaving enough at the
bottom end so that to fold it above feet.
• Reassure the victim.
• Explain the procedure to the victim.
• Place the victim over the stretcher.
• Cover the feet with the blanket (top fold), then tuck it around the
legs and feet.
 LOADING A
STRETCHER
Loading a stretcher means to carry the
victim from the mishap area to the stretcher.

Methods
Blanket Manual
lift lift
BLANKET LIFT

In a blanket lift, we
require four persons,
two for the foot-end
side and the other two
for the head-end side.
 STEPS OF BLANKET LIFT
• Put the folded blanket lengthwise against the back of the victim.
• Now turn the victim over the blanket by supporting on the other side.
• Blanket should be unfolded according to victim’s body.
• Put the victim in a supine position, then fold the blanket from both
sides.
• Command two bearers to hold on the head end side.
• Command other two bearers on the foot-end side of the victim.
• Bearers should keep their back straight to raise/lift the victim
together.
• Hold up the victim at the head and waist, another bearer from hip
and ankle by grasping the fold of the blanket.
• Instruct all to hold and lift the victim together.
 RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES

ASPHYXIA
• Condition in which the body is deprived of
oxygen and leads to unconsciousness or death.
• In asphyxia, lungs do not meet the need for
enough supply of air for breathing.
• If this condition continues, the heart and lungs
stop their functions and lead to death.
• Requires emergency care quickly.
 CAUSES OF ASPHYXIA
• Drowning (fluid in the • Any kind of
air passage) obstruction (most
• Choking (any foreign commonly in an
body in air passage) unconscious patient by
• Inhalation of harmful falling of tongue)
• Damage to chest or
gases, e.g., coal tar gas,
lungs
motor vehicle
• Swelling in the
gas/fumes, ammonia, etc
windpipe tissue due to
• Narrowing of air
burn or stings
passage due to hanging • Electric shock
• Strangulation • Due to poisoning
 ASPHYXIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Shortness of breathing, sometimes breathing may stop
• Cyanosis (lips, nose, ear, fingers and toes)
• Noisy breathing
• Increased pulse rate
• Appearance of froth in mouth and nose
• Loss of consciousness
• Sometimes fits may also occur (seizures)
 ASPHYXIA
FIRST AID TREATMENT
• Eliminate the cause if possible.
• Make sure that the airway is patent.
• Vitals of the victim should be checked and
maintained.
• Provide artificial breathing (mouth to mouth
respiration) immediately, must be continued till
the
• Normal breathing is maintained.
• Place the victim in the recovery position.
• Arrange for transportation to send the victim to
 AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
Airway obstruction is a condition, when difficulty in
breathing is due to any obstruction in the air passage.
CAUSES SIGNS AND
• Windpipe tissue SYMPTOMS
swelling • Breathing is labored
• Tongue falling back
in case of epilepsy
and noisy
• Obstruction of air • Cyanosis
passage due to food • Nasal flaring
particles or any • Chest wall drawing
 AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

FIRST AID TREATMENT

• Do not allow crowd to gather around the victim, so that
person can get fresh air.
• Then, check vital signs of victim.
• Reassure the victim, if he/she conscious.
• Keep the person under observation.
• Arrange for transportation, to send to the hospital.
• If the victim/patient is unconscious, then airway is opened
and assessed for the patency using following methods:
 Head tilt chin lift
 Jaw thrust
 HEAD TILT CHIN
LIFT
• Tilt the patient’s head back by pushing down on
the forehead.
• Place the tips of index and middle fingers under
the chin.
• Pull up on the mandible (not on the soft tissues).
This lifts the tongue away from the posterior
pharynx and improves airway patency.
• Be sure to pull up only on the bony parts of the
mandible. Pressure to the soft tissues of the neck
may obstruct the airway.
 JAW THRUST
• Stand at the head end side.
• Place palms on the patient’s temples and fingers under
the mandibular rami (Jaw line).
• In patients with possible cervical spine injury, avoid
extending the neck.
• Lift the mandible upward with your fingers, at least
until the lower incisors(lower jaw) are higher than the
upper incisors (upper jaw). This maneuver lifts the
tongue along with the mandible, thus relieving upper
airway obstruction. Be sure to pull or push only on the
bony parts of the mandible.
• Pressure to the soft tissues of the neck may obstruct the
airway.
 SUFFOCATION
Suffocation is a condition when air is prevented
from entering to the lungs.

CAUSES
• Any kind of physical obstruction, which stop
the air to enter into nose or mouth
• Due to irritant gases
• Motor exhaust fumes, smokes
 SUFFOCATION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS FIRST AID
• Breathing difficulty
MANAGEMENT
• Noisy Respiration
• Prominent neck veins • Remove the cause.
• Confusion • Provide fresh air supply
• Cyanosis to the person.
• Loss of conscious
• Stabilize the victim and
arrange for
transportation and send
to hospital as soon as
 CHOKING
Choking is a condition in which foreign particles obstruct the
back side of the throat and that produces muscular spasm.

CAUSES SIGNS AND

• Eating food SYMPTOMS
in hurry • Cyanosis
• Inability to take
• Inappropriate
breath
chewing of • Congestion in face
food and neck
• Speaking • Inability to speak
•
 CHOKING
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
First priority is to remove the obstruction as soon as possible.
CHOKING
 DROWNING

• Drowning is a type of suffocation induced by

the submersion or immersion of the mouth and
nose in a liquid or water.
CAUSES SIGNS AND
• Accidental fall in
SYMPTOMS
water
• Children left
• Accidental fall in water
unattended near • Children left unattended
water body (pool/ near water body
• bath tub etc.) (pool/bath tub etc.)
• Suicide attempt • Suicide attempt
• Seizure and heart
 DROWNING
(FIRST AID MANAGEMENT)
• Reach to the victim immediately.
• Drag the victim with the help of rope, towel, shirt, stick out of the
water.
• Place the victim in prone position to drain out water from the lungs.
• Make the victim stable.
• If any obstruction in airway, eliminate immediately.
• Start manual breathing if victim is not breathing.
• Arrange for transportation and send the victim to the nearby
hospital.
 HANGING,STRANGULATION
AND THROTTLING
Hanging Suspension of the body by rope around neck from the
noose, in which pressure on the outside of the neck leads
to cutting of air supply to body.
Strangulation Tight constriction around the neck which leads to cutting
off air supply.
Throttling Happens when someone intentionally squeezes the
person’s throat, which cuts the supply of air.

AIMS
• To restore breathing.
• To save life of the victim.
 HANGING, STRANGULATION AND
THROTTLING

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS FIRST AID

• All general signs and MANAGEMENT
symptoms of asphyxia • Remove the constriction
• Congestion around the
around the neck immediately.
face and neck
• Put victim in comfortable
• Prominent veins of neck
and face may be visible position. Do not bend the neck
• Visible mark around the while positioning.
neck • Check breathing pattern, if not
breathing or difficult breathing,
start CPR.
•
 INHALATION OF
FUMES
• Inhalation of toxic fumes, gases and smoke
have lethal effects on lungs. These may
irritate the throat, and due to throat spasm,
airway closes.
CAUSES
• Due to burning of
AIMS
building (fire) • To restore
• Exhaust fumes of breathing.
motor vehicle • To make a call for
• Blocked chimney
(produce CO) emergency.
• Burning of stoves • To make an
• Pits, wells and
 INHALATION OF FUMES
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
• All general signs and symptoms of asphyxia
• Breathing difficulty
• Victim coughs vigorously
• Suffocation, choking
• Sometimes symptoms of shock may also occur
 INHALATION OF FUMES

FIRST AID TREATMENT

• Call for emergency help/ambulance service.
• Move victim away from danger.
• Do not allow crowd to gather.
• Ensure the supply of fresh air to victim.
• Check vital signs in every 10 minutes.
• Give oxygen to victim, if available.
• Transport the victim to the nearest hospital as soon as
possible.
 • Asthma is a condition, in which
airway is constricted and narrowed
due to spasm of the muscles of air
passage (bronchospasm), which
results in difficulty in breathing.
ASTH CAUSES
MA • Exact cause is unknown, possibly
due to allergens.
• Risk factors are—allergy (due to
environment, drugs, fumes, odor,
deodorant, pollen grain, etc.)
• Due to tension in nervous system.
 ASTHMA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Breathing difficulty
• Victim looks distressed and anxious
• Wheezing sound
• Nasal flaring and cyanosis
• Sudden loss of consciousness and stoppage of
breathing occur together
ASTHMA FIRST AID
TREATMENT
• Reassure the victim.
• Give comfortable position to
the victim.
• Make the victim to sit down
and help to lean slightly
forward, rest with support.
• Make an arrangement for
transportation.
• Send victim to the hospital for
medical help without delay.
 CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION (CPR)
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure,
which is given to those persons who are in cardiac arrest.
• CPR helps to pump blood in the person’s body, while
performing CPR first aider give chest compressions to the
victim, along with sequence of rescue breaths, which help to
save their life when victims are in cardiac arrest.
• CPR consists the following steps, that has to be performed in
sequence:
Chest compressions
Airway
Breathing
 CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCIATION (CPR)

• Indications
Any Contraindicati
ons
Steps
person/victi
m who is
found
• DNR order
unconscious • There are 6
(do not
, pulse and major steps.
resuscitate)
breathing is
found to be
absent or
gasping.
 STEPS OF CPR
STEP 1: CALL FOR HELP
 STEPS OF CPR
STEP 2: SHAKE AND
SHOUT
• If the victim is unconscious, tap or shake the
shoulders of the victim.
• Ask loudly to the victim, are you ok?
• If the victim does not respond, call for help.
 STEPS OF CPR
STEP 3: CHECK VICTIM FOR
CIRCULATION
• Call the victim and check for a response.
• If unresponsive, tap shoulder and call the victim.
• Simultaneously, observe for pulse (carotid pulse) and rise
and fall of the chest with respiration.
• If the pulse is absent and no respiration is observed, position
the patient on a flat surface.
• Start Chest compression.
 STEPS OF CPR
STEP 4: GIVE 30 CHEST
COMPRESSIONS
• Locate the center of the chest slightly below the nipples (on
breast bone/Sternum).
• Place one of your hands on top of the other and interlock your
fingers.
• With the heel of the hands and straight elbows, push hard and
fast in the center of the chest at a rate of 100–120/minute.
• Push at least 2 inches (5-6 cm) deep.
• Allow the chest to rise fully between compressions.
• Deliver 30 chest compressions.
 Steps of CPR
STEP 5: PROVIDE TWO RESCUE
BREATHS
• Open the airway of the victim using head tilt chin lift method or
Jaw thrust.
• Assess for tongue fall or foreign body in the airway.
• If no respiration is observed/heard even after opening the
airway, clear the airway.
• Hyper extend the neck to bring the windpipe (trachea) in a
straight line.
• The first aider takes a deep breath and pinches the nose while
making a seal on the mouth of the victim (respirator mask can
also be used for prevention of infection).
• Deliver the breath into the mouth of the victim and look for the
rise of the chest with a blow of breath.
• Repeat the breath.
 STEPS OF CPR
STEP 5: PROVIDE TWO RESCUE BREATHS
 STEPS OF
CPR
STEP 6: REPEAT THIS WHOLE
PROCESS TILL THE AMBULANCE
ARRIVES
• Repeat 30 compressions and two rescue
breaths.
CARDIOPULMO
NARY
RESUSCITATIO
N
(CRP)
COMPLICATIONS OF CPR
• Fractures of ribs or the sternum due
to chest compression.
• Gastric insufflations from excessive
artificial respiration.
 UNCONSCIOUSNESS
• Unconsciousness is a condition in which a
person loses his/her consciousness due to
disturbance in the normal functioning of the
brain.
• Unconsciousness not only occurs due to
diseases but also due to certain serious injury.
• There are two major stages of
unconsciousness, i.e.
1. Partial (stupor)
2. Complete (coma)
CAUSES OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS

• Fainting weather or heat

• Epilepsy, diabetes • Asphyxia
• In case of poisoning • Hysteria
• Excessive bleeding • Head injury or
• Shock trauma
• Fever (hemorrhagic)
• Due to excessively hot
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS
• Remove the victim from danger.
• Open window and door for fresh air supply.
• Loosen all cloth around the victim’s chest and neck.
• Do not allow gathering around the victim.
• Check the vitals of the victim.
• Start manual breathing if the victim is not breathing.
• Never give anything by mouth.
• Never leave the victim alone.
• Make a transportation arrangement.
• Send the victim to a nearby hospital as soon as possible for medical help.
FOREIGN BODIES
• It is a condition when any particle,
material, or object enters the body
through the skin or other natural
opening of the body.
• Most commonly it happens in
children.
 FOREIGN BODY IN SKIN
• Foreign bodies under the skin usually occur
accidentally like a speck of wood/glass/metal
etc.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Pain
• Reassure the victim and provide a
comfortable position.
Bleeding • Wash the area with soap and water.
• With help of sterile thumb
Discomfort
forceps/tweezers hold the object
nearer to the skin surface.
• If the object is embedded deep, do not
Sweeling try to pull it out.
• Bandage the area and transfer to a
medical facility.
 FOREIGN BODY IN
EYE
• The foreign body in the eye may be
dust, eyelashes, sand, coal, metal
particles, stone, glass, an insect.
These are the objects, which are
commonly found in the eyes.
• Sometimes a piece of wood and glass
(penetrating particles) get lodged in
the eye and danger the eye itself.
 FOREIGN BODY IN
EYE
(SIGN AND
SYMPTOMS)
Pain (burning
sensation) Swelling

Watery Redness
eye in the eye
 FOREIGN BODY IN
EYE
(FIRST-AID
• MANAGEMENT)
Reassure the victim and instruct the victim, not
to rub the eye.
• Provide a comfortable position toward the light.
• Inspect the eye by pulling the lower lid.
• Clean the eye with water inner to the outer side.
• Use clean or boiled water and cool at room
temperature.
• If the foreign particle does not come out with
rinsing of the eye, use a clean swab or corner of
a handkerchief to remove the particle.
 FOREIGN BODY IN
EYE
(FIRST-AID
• If the foreignMANAGEMENT)
particle is invisible, instruct the victim to
hold the upper eyelid and put it over the lower eyelid.
This shall dislodge the particle.
• If this method fails then, instruct the victim to blink
his/her eye under the running water.
• If the particle is embedded in the eye, don’t try to
remove it.
• Cover the eye with an eye pad.
• Make a transport arrangement.
• Send the victim to a nearby hospital for medical help
as soon as possible.
FOREIGN BODY IN EAR
The foreign particles that are mostly found
in the ear include flies, insects, peas, beans,
buttons, pieces of corn, wood, and chalk. It
is very common in children because they
often put an object into their ear out of
curiosity.
 FOREIGN BODY IN EAR
(SIGN AND SYMPTOMS)
Pain in ear
Discomfort

Ringing sensation in ear

Rupture of ear
drum

Itching Hearing loss

 FOREIGN BODY IN EAR
(FIRST AID MANAGEMENT)
• Reassure the victim.
• Provide a comfortable position.
• Use warm oil, put it into the ear so that the insect
can float and come outside.
• If the method fails, try to remove the foreign
particle because it may cause damage to the
tympanic membrane.
• Make arrangements to send the victim to the
hospital for medical aid in an ambulance.
• Foreign objects like beads, button,
food particles, pencil pieces, etc.
when inserted in the nose or nasal
cavity requires immediate
SIGNS AND
medical attention. FOREIG
SYMPTOMS
The victim is unable to breath
N BODY
IN NOSE
Pain
Discomfort
Feeling of restlessness
 FOREIGN BODY IN NOSE
(FIRST AID MANAGEMENT)
• Reassure the victim.
• Provide a comfortable position.
• Instruct to take deep breaths by mouth.
• Encourage the victim to sneeze.
• If this fails, don’t try to remove the foreign
particle.
• Make arrangements to send the victim to the
hospital for a medical facility as soon as
possible.
FOREIGN BODY IN THROAT
• Foreign body in the throat needs
immediate medical attention as it may
cause choking.
• Children are prone to such accidents
because they put something in their
mouth like a coin, button, or any
irregular object, which gets stuck into
the throat.
 FOREIGN BODY IN THROAT
(SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS)
• Difficulty in breathing
• Difficulty in swallowing13
• Pain in the throat
• Pricking sensation in the throat.
• Coughing, wheezing
• Cyanosis around the lips
• Sometimes the child becomes unconscious
 FOREIGN BODY IN THROAT
(FIRST AID MANAGEMENT)
• Provide a comfortable position, facing toward
light.
• Instruct the victim to wide open his/her mouth.
• If an object is visible, then remove it with fingers
if possible.
• Do not try to remove the foreign particle if it is not
visible or embedded deeply.
• Make arrangements for the victim’s transport,
transfer him to the nearest hospital.
 • The incidents of foreign objects in the
stomach are commonly found in children.
• They put objects into the mouth while
FOREI playing and it gets slipped into the stomach.
• The things which can enter into the stomach
GN are buttons, coins, seeds of a fruit, safety
BODIES pins, etc.
IN • These foreign object gets eliminated with
the passage of stool. No need for immediate
THE care requirements or to give laxatives.
STOMA • However, if any sharp object or chemical is
CH ingested, transport the victim immediately
to the nearest hospital.
BURNS AND
SCALDS
Burns
It is defined as skin or body damage by
dry heat.

It may happen due to fire, a piece of

warm metal, sunburn, electric current,
the friction of moving rope or wire,
acidic or alkali, etc.
 CAUSES OF BURNS
• Chemical burn (by acid or alkali)
• Electric burn by electric current
• Radiation burn by X-rays or nuclear
• Dry heat (by flame, hot metal)
• Wet heat (by boiling or steam)
• Due to friction of rope and wheels
• Sun burn
• Thermal burn
• Cold burn which is known as frostbite
TYPES OF BURNS
EXTENT OF A BURN
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
BURNS

Redness of Blister
skin formation

Pain (severe,
Swelling
mild, no pain)
 AIMS OF FIRST AID
FOR BURN
• Stop victim burning.
• Reduce pain.
• Find out injuries/damage and treat
them.
• Reduce the risk of infection.
• Arrange transport for early ambulation.
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
OF BURN
• Remove the victim from the source of • Do not put any lotion or cream over
burn/fire. Assess scene safety first. the burnt area.
• Place the victim on the floor, cover • Offer victim tea, coffee to keep him
him with the blanket tightly and put warm.
off the fire by rolling him.
• If the fire is in a closed room first • Provide rest to burnt part and elevate
aider should cover his/her mouth with it.
a wet face towel with all precaution
and approach the victim by crawling
on the floor.
• Reassure the victim and provide a • Remove the rings or bangles, if hand
comfortable position. and arms are involved.
• If the burn is superficial, then • Apply Silver sulfadiazine (if
immerse the burnt area in the cool available) ointment and apply
water. bandages.
 MANAGEMENT OF
CHEMICAL BURN
Chemical burn means burn by an acid or alkali.
• Remove the victim from the source of chemical exposure.
• Put water on the burnt part and wash thoroughly.
• Reassure the victim and provide a comfortable position.
• Do not put any lotion or cream over the burnt part.
• Put a clean or sterile dressing over the burnt part.
• Provide rest to the burnt part.
• Offer him some tea, coffee if the victim is not vomiting.
• Make transport arrangements, send the victim to the
nearest hospital as soon as possible.
ELECTRIC BURN

Electric burn is defined as when

the high voltage of current is
passed through the body. In
electrical burn damage to internal
body organs is maximum because
it directly affects the heart and
respiration. However, externally
burn is not that visible.
 MANAGEMENT OF
ELECTRIC BURN
• Put off the source of current.
• Place sterile or clean dressing over burn
part.
• Minimize and treat shock.
• If the victim is unconscious, check
CAB.
• Place the victim in the recovery position
and start CPR.
• Arrange transportation and send the
victim immediately to the nearest
hospital for the medical facility.
 FIRST AID FOR SEVERE BURN

Severe burn is the burn when burnt body area

is more than 30%.
• Remove the victim from the • Put off all the jewelry if
source of the burn and extremities are involved.
reassure him. • If blister forms, don’t try to
• If clothing is stuck to the break it.
burned area, don’t try to pull • Do not offer anything by
it. mouth.
• Keep victim warm, by • Arrange transport.
covering with a sheet or • Send the victim to the hospital
blanket. immediately.
• Keep the extremities elevated,
if involved.
• Keep the victim in an upright
EYE
BUR
NS
POISONING

Consumption or
intake of any
harmful substance
in overdose, which
may affect the
functioning of
vital organs, may
lead to death due
to its lethal effect.
CAUSES OF POISONING
Causes

Suicidal Homicidal Accidental

 CAUSES OF POISONING

Suicidal poisoning • Happens when a person ingests poison intentionally.

• Happens accidentally/ unintentionally. It may occur due

Accidental
to contaminated food, fruits, water, overdose of the
poisoning
drug and industrial poisoning.
ROUTES OF POISONING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
POISONING
Loss of Person is
consciousness deleterious
Nausea,
Diarrhea
vomiting
Symptoms of Proof of poisoning
asphyxia container
Burns on lip and
Convulsion mouth
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
OF POISONING
• First of all inform the police.
• Eliminate the factor out of the victim as soon as
by inducing vomiting, if not contraindicated.
• Use antidote to neutralize the poison action.
• Arrange for transportation.
• Send the victim to the nearest hospital as soon
as possible.
• Note the poison name available at the scene and
inform the doctor.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
OF POISONING
• If poison is found at the scene, preserve that for
examination.
• Preserve vomitus, sputum, secretions for the sampling.
• In case of conscious victim, offer a glass of saltwater to
induce vomiting.
• If poison is a strong acid or alkali don’t induce vomiting.
• Assess for signs of poison like burnt lip or mouth, white
yellow patches if corrosive poisoning is ingested.
• Dilute the poison by offering him a large amount of
water.
COMMON POISONS AND
THEIR FIRST AID
COMMON POISONS AND
THEIR FIRST AID
COMMON POISONS AND THEIR
FIRST AID
COMMON POISONS AND THEIR
FIRST AID
COMMON POISONS AND THEIR
FIRST AID
COMMON POISONS AND
THEIR FIRST AID
PRECAU
TIONS
TO
AVOID
POISONI
NG
 BITES
SNAKE BITE
• Common problem in India and various countries.
• There are so many species of snakes but
approximately around 200 are poisonous.
• Sometimes people may die due to snake bites.
 SIGNS
• Burning sensation over the wound
AND
• Swelling
• Bleeding
SYMPTO
• Paired teeth marks
• Difficulty in breathing
• MS
DrowsinessOF
• Nausea and vomiting
•SNAKE
Weak and rapid pulse
• Blurred vision
BITE
• Fainting, loss of conscious
• Secretion and salivation of victim increased
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
FOR SNAKE BITE

Reassure the victim and Treat the victim for shock.

provide a comfortable
position.
Put tourniquet and apply If breathing stops, start CPR.
pressure above bite as soon as
possible (release the pressure
every 10 minutes for a few
minutes).
Immobilize the affected part, Arrange for transportation.
wash the wound with soap
and water.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
AFTER SNAKE BITE
 DOG BITE
• Common in India.
• Rabies develops if the
FIRST AID
person is bitten by a rabid MANAGEMENT
dog. • Reassure the victim.
• The virus is found in the • Wash the wound at least for
saliva of dogs.
10 minutes with soap under
SIGNS AND running water.
SYMPTOMS • Cover the wound with a
• Bleeding from the wound clean cloth and dressing.
• Headache, confusion, • Make an arrangement for
restlessness
• Nausea, vomiting
transportation.
• Pain and discomfort • Send the victim to the
• Hydrophobia nearest hospital as soon as
 CAT BITE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Biting marks of teeth

• Scratching

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

• Same as dog bite management

 RAT BITE
DESCRIPTIO SIGNS AND FIRST AID
N SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT

•Rats are harmful to

human beings as they •Fever •Same as
spread many diseases
dog bite
with their fleas.
•Most of the time they
scrap palm, feet, and
•Scratc manage
legs while a person is
sleeping. hing ment.
 MONKEY BITE
SIGNS AND FIRST AID
SYMPTOMS MANAGEME
NT
• Biting Same as dog
marks bite
• Scratching management
 SPIDER BITE
• Spider bite is very poisonous.
Types of spider

Black spider Tarantula

• Black spider is more poisonous than

tarantula.
Signs and symptoms of spider bite

Severe pain
Swelling, redness
Swollen face, legs and
hands
Hardness of muscles
Cramps in stomach
Breathlessness
Shock
First aid management for spider
bite
• Firstly reassure the position to the victim.
victim. • Keep the victim warm by
• Offer tea and coffee to providing a blanket or
sheet.
the victim if he/she is • Apply a tourniquet above
conscious. the bite, so that poison is
• After that clean the limited to body parts.
affected part with soap • Send the victim to the
and water. nearest hospital as soon as
• Arrange for possible for a medical
transportation. facility.
 STINGS
INSECT
• Very BITE/STINGS
commonly known bite in India and many other
countries.
• Insects such as bees, wasp, flies, and hornets carry so
many diseases, e.g., Lyme disease
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS and rocky mountain
fever.
Itching Fever

Swelling Redness

Pain and numbness Sometimes respiratory

and cardiac problems
also occur
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
FOR INSECT BITE/STINGS
• Firstly reassure the person and provide him with a
comfortable position.
• If the person is conscious, offer him plenty of water.
• If the sting is present, try to remove the sting if
possible.
• Wash wound with sodium bicarbonate.
• Use an ice pack to reduce swelling.
• Use antibiotic ointment/calamine lotion on wound
site.
• Do dressing.
• If a person is unconscious, treat the victim for shock.
• If the condition is serious, send him to hospital as
soon as possible for medical help
TICKS OR MITES BITE/STING

• Ticks and mites are very small in size.

• They get stuck in the body and suck blood from
the body during that period.
• They cause many diseases such as rocky
mountain fever, spotted fever.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Fever

 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
FOR TICKS AND MITES
•
BITE/STING
Reassure the victim and give a comfortable position.
• Remove the ticks or mites immediately that have
stuck on the body.
• Ticks and mites should be removed forcefully.
• Put kerosene oil to remove mites or ticks.
• Wash wound with soap and water.
• Apply antibiotic ointment/lotion, if available.
• At last apply a bandage on the wound.
 LEECH BITE/STING
• Leech sticks on the human body
and sucks blood.
• Many leeches are found in tanks,
ponds, and rivers commonly.
• SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Fever,
Bite mark
• FIRST AID MANAGEMENT:
Same as ticks and mites bite
 FISH STING
• Fish sting commonly happens among persons
who work in the sea or live near to sea.

Types of fish SIGNS &

SYMPTOMS:
Ray fish Jellyfish • Severe pain
• Bleeding
 FIRST AID
MANAGEMENT FOR
FISH STING
• First of all reassure the victim.
• Give him a comfortable position.
• Try to remove the stings from the body.
• Wash the wound, use ammonia dressing and cold
water to relieve the burning sensation.
• Apply bandages over the wound.
• If the victim’s condition is severe, arrange for
transport and send to the hospital as soon as possible
for medical help.
 FROSTBITE
Frostbite is a condition that
happens due to very low
temperature. It damages the
skin and tissue which further
leads to vascular damages. It
happens due to prolonged
exposure to an intense cold
environment.
 CAUSES OF FROSTBITE
Prolonged exposure to extreme cold weather

Climbing to high altitude environment

Not wearing proper cloth in extreme cold weather

 SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS OF
FROSTBITE
Feeling of pricking Unable to move
pain (stiffness)
Cyanosed skin Numbness (no
sensation)
Extremities look Swelling
pale, very cold
(sometimes
gangrene formation)
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF
FROSTBITE
 Reassure the victim and provide a warm environment.
 Take out the jewelry from the victim’s hand, arms, and fingers.
 Try to keep the victim’s affected part warm.
 Offer warm blanket, skin-to-skin heat, and put affected part in a
warm water tub.
 Keep the affected limb in an upward position to remove the
swelling.
 Arrange for transportation.
 Send the victim as soon as possible to the hospital for medical
help.
EFFECTS OF
HEAT HEAT

EXHAUSTION
• Heat exhaust happens when the
person comes in contact with an
excessively hot environment.
• Mostly it happens on hot days
(summer).
• It is also known as heat collapse
in which a person suddenly lost
his consciousness.
 HEAT EXHAUSTION
SIGNS SYMPTOMS
AND • Fast and
CAUSES • Exhaustion shallow
• Fainting breathing
• Hot weather • Pallor
• Loss of body • Tiredness
• Cold and • Rapid and
water and salt clammy skin weak pulse
• Headache, • Low
dizziness temperature
• Restlessness
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT OF
HEAT EXHAUSTION
• Reassure the victim.
• Immediately move victim to a cooler place, and ensure a
fresh supply of the air.
• Provide a comfortable position.
• Loosen all clothes of the victim immediately.
• Offer victim cold water, add a little salt into it.
• If the victim is unconscious, treat for shock, keep in the
recovery position.
• Arrange for transportation.
• Send the victim to the hospital for medical help.
 HEAT STROKE
CAUSES
Heatstroke • Prolonged exposure to
occurs due to high temperature
high • Excessive consumption
temperature in of alcohol
which the heat- • Hot weather
regulating • Chronic illness
center fails to • Due to intake of different
work properly. kinds of medicine
(diuretics,
 HEAT STROKE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Headache Raised body temperature

Nausea, vomiting Cramping in muscles

Restlessness Bounding and full pulse

Loss of consciousness Breathing is noisy

Fainting, dizziness Skin is dry and hot

 • Reassure the victim.
• Provide a cool environment.
• Provide a comfortable position.
FIRST • Loosen the clothes of the victim
AID from the chest and wrap the victim
MANAGEM in a wet sheet.
ENT • Offer cold water to drink.
OF HEAT • If body temperature comes down,
STROKE slow the cooling process.
• Instruct the victim to avoid sudden
exposure to hot weather.
• Send to the hospital if the victim
needs medical help.
COMMUNITY EMERGENCIES
“An occurrence such as hurricane,
tornado, storm, flood, high water,
wind-driven water, tidal wave,
earthquake, drought, blizzard,
pestilence, famine, fire, explosion,
building collapse, transportation
wreck or other situation that causes
human suffering or creates human
needs that the victims cannot
alleviate without assistance.”
—Red Cross, 1975
 DISASTER
• Disaster is a sudden and serious
calamity, which can damage humans,
humans’ property, functioning of
society, community.
TYPES OF DISASTER
Natural disasterNatural disasters are those which
happen naturally, i.e., floods,
hurricanes, earthquakes, land sliding,
draught, and tsunami.
Manmade Manmade disasters are those that
disaster happen due to man activity. The man-
made disasters are industrial
accidents, fire, poisoning or chemical
accidents and nuclear explosions.
Hybrid disaster The example of hybrid disasters are
global warming and the spread of
 FIRST AID CLASSIFICATION
DURING DISASTER

FIRE
• Help the victim to come out from the damaged site/ area by
emergency exit or safe way.
• Make sure that electrical fittings are untouched.
• All electrical appliances and connections must be shut down
from the main points.
• Avoid sprinkling of water on fire-affected victim or objects.
• Use fire extinguishers immediately.
• Protect children and older adults from fire.
• Help the fire personnel to control the fire.
 EARTHQUAKE
• Instruct all victims to come outside
the building, who are living there.
• Inform the nearby persons about this
happening via telephone.
• Firstly try to save the victims then
property.
• Help children and older people to
move outside the building.
 CYCLONE
• Save victim from wind and rain.
• Make sure that the flow of water is
normal to reduce the risk of flooding
and clogging of water.
• Make sure that electronic appliances
are saved because they lead to a fire.
 FLOOD
• Save victim from electric current.
• Save the victim from water-borne diseases.
• Make sure that all the victims get safe water and
food.
• Help all the victims by providing all needy things.
• Send all the victims to a safe place if the water
level didn’t come down within a specific time.
IMMEDIATE FIRST AID
AFTER DISASTER
• Helping those victims who have broken limbs, bones.
• Clean affected parts/areas with an antiseptic solution
where there has been minor injury with an antiseptic
solution, immobilize affected part with the help of a
bandage.
• Burn part of the victim should be attended.
• Should have a good communication system.
• Eliminate the cause of food and water contamination.
• Giving immediate help and support service to all the
victims.
 DISASTER TRIAGE
• The word triage comes
Types of triage from the French
word trier, which
Simple
means, “to sort out or
choose.”

Advanced
 • Simple triage is given in case of
SIMP emergency for large communities,
LE to those victims who need critical
TRIA care or immediate medical help,
transport to the hospital and
GE victims with less serious injuries.
 ADVANCED TRIAGE

• This care is given to victims, with many

injuries.
• It is used to change scarce sources away
from victims with less chance of survival
or to increase the chances of survival of
others who are more likely to survive.
• The principles of advanced triage are
following:
SIMPLE TRIAGE AND RAPID
TREATMENT
ADVANCED TRIAGE CATEGORIES

Category I (Emergent): Red

Immediate
Category II (Urgent): Yellow
Delayed
Category III (Non-urgent): Green
Minimal
Category IV (Expectant): Black
Expectant
• Victims with serious injuries and
whose life is being threatened but have CATEGORY
more chances of survival if immediate
care is given to these victims. I
• These victims need immediate surgery (EMERGEN
or other lifesaving equipment/care.
• These victims have the first priority for
T): RED
surgical teams and transport to IMMEDIAT
advanced medical care.
• They can survive with immediate care.
E
• Critical life-threatening conditions are
compromised airway, shock and
hemorrhage.
 CATEGORY II (URGENT):
YELLOW DELAYED
• Persons who are seriously injured but whose lives
have no immediate threat.
• These persons can be delayed for transport or care for
2 hours.
• These persons’ condition is stable for a small period
of time, needs observation by the first aider.
• They need repeated re-triage and require a medical
facility.
• Major illness or damage includes conditions such as
open fracture, chest wound.
 CATEGORY III (NON-URGENT):
GREEN MINIMAL

• In this category, victims need medical care

when all needed victims have been taken
out of danger.
• These victims may not need observation.
• These victims’ care or transportation can be
delayed for 2 hours or more.
• Minor injuries include conditions such as
closed fracture, sprain and strain.
 CATEGORY IV (EXPECTANT):
BLACK EXPECTANT

• In this category, victims are injured very severely

and they will die because of the injuries within
hours or days such as burns, severe trauma, lethal
radiation, etc.
• These all are life-threatening medical problems.
• Most of the time, victims do not survive while
receiving medical care.
• Dead or do expect to die includes massive head
injury, extensive full-thickness burns.
 ROLE OF NURSE IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 • First aid is the first action or care that is given to

  the victim who has any injury/damage or

sudden illness. Aims of first aid- preserve,
prevent and promote. A first aider is a person
CHAPT who can provide emergency care to the victim
at the time of accidents/mishap.
ER • An injury in which the skin is
damaged/penetrated is known as a wound.

FOCUS Hemorrhage/bleeding is the abnormal flow of

blood from blood vessels due to injury/rupture.

POINTS
• Shock is a life-threatening condition that results
from insufficient blood flow to the body tissues
due to trauma/illness.
• Fractures, dislocation, and muscle injuries are
the types of musculoskeletal injuries.
Respiratory emergencies are characterized by
difficulty in breathing or absent breathing.
• CPR is a life-saving procedure that is performed
during cardiac arrest.
“Textbook of Foundation of
Nursing" by Jyoti Kathwal