MINING

Objectives:

At the end of the Lesson the students should:

1. Explain what mining is.
2. Identify the types of mining.
3. Cite some examples of preventing the bad
effects of mining.
Mining

=>is the extraction of valuable minerals or

other geological materials from the earth from
an ore body, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which
forms the mineralized package of economic
interest to the miner.
MINING WASTE AND MATERIAL

In mining upper surface called waste material are

removed. Waste material are composed of acid
generating substance and it is big task to replace
it a proper place where it should be treated to
detoxified. Most of money spend in removing the
waste material so highly qualified needed to
operate this job or recover by mining includes
metal, coal, oil shale, gems stone, lime stone,
rock salt, petroleum, natural gas even water.
GOLD STONE
 PRE HISTORICAL MINING
Since the beginning of civilization, Click icon to add picture
people have used stones, ceramics for
making tools and weapons. In ancient
Egypt malachite and maadi where
excavated for ornamentation, pottery,
etc. gold mines of Nubia was very
famous. Ancient Greece and Rome
silver mines of laurium was very
famous. The used of hydraulic
method. America continent was also
not behind in the field of mining and
copper mines along lake superior was
very famous and it is still working.
 TYPES OF MINING

 SURFACE MINING  UNDERGROUND MINING

1. Placer Mining 1. Drift Mining

2. Strip Mining 2. Slope Mining
3. Mountaintop Removal 3. Shaft Mining
4. Hydraulic 4. Hard rock
5. Open pit
6. Dredging
Surface Mining
 Surface mines are mining operations that delve into rock to
extract deposits of mineral resources that are close to the
surface .
In most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment, such as
earthmovers, first remove the overburden (the soil and rock
above the deposit). Next, huge machines such as drag line
excavators extract the mineral.
Once the material has been removed, the land is recovered
for safe use on the surface through a process called
reclamation.
Surface Mining
 1.Placer mining involves any type of mining where raw minerals are
deposited in sand or gravel or on the surface and are picked up
without having to drive, use dynamite or any other significant means.
Ex: gold.
2.Strip mining is the practice of mining a seam of mineral ore by first
removing all of the soil and rock that lies on top of it (the
overburden). It is similar to open-pit mining in many regards.
3.Mountaintop removal
Mountaintop removal (MTR) is a relatively new form of coal mining that
involves the mass restructuring of earth in order to reach sediment as deep as
1,000 feet below the surface. Mountaintop removal requires that the targeted
land be first clear-cut and then leveled by explosives.
4.Hydraulic
Hydraulic mining involves high pressure water. The water is sprayed at an area of
rock and/or gravel and the water breaks the rock up, dislodging ore and placer
deposits. The water/ore mixture is then milled. This is a very destructive way to
mine and has been outlawed in most areas.
5.Open pit mines involve digging large open holes in the ground as opposed to a
small shaft in hard rock mining. This method of mining is most often used with
minerals like copper and molybdenum.
6.Dredging
Dredging is a method often used to bring up underwater mineral deposits.
Although dredging is usually employed to clear or enlarge waterways for boats, it
can also recover significant amounts of underwater minerals relatively efficiently
and cheaply.
 Underground mining
 Underground mining refers to a group of techniques used for the extraction of
valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth.
1.Drift mining is a method of accessing valuable geological material,
such as coal, by cutting into the side of the earth, rather than tunneling
straight downwards.
2.Slope mining
Slope mining is a method of accessing valuable geological material, such as coal. A
sloping access shaft travels downwards towards the coal seam.
3.Shaft mining is a type of underground mining done by use of a mine shaft. A
mine shaft is a vertical passageway used for access to an underground mine.
4.Hard Rock mining refers to various techniques used to mine ore bodies by
creating underground "rooms“ supported by surrounding pillars of standing rock.
 Some Effects of Mining on the Environment

•Deforestation and loss of biodiversity are major effects of

mining.(It destroys forest and wetlands. It may mean that you
have to cut down lots of trees just to get to the spot that has
all the gold or iron ore).

•Many mine require tailings dams to prevent waste being

washed into the rivers. Unethical miners can dispense with the
dams, to save costs, resulting in massive pollution downstream.
In other cases, the tailings dam can overflow, and even breach,
during periods of heavy rain.
•Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire
layer of material deep under the surface. When the timber supports
collapse, this can lead to subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic
loss to people above or damage to natural areas. It can even cause cracks
in river beds, leading to loss of river flow.
•Some mining involves the inadvertent dispersal of
heavy metals, such as lead, into the atmosphere. This
can have serious health effects, including mental
retardation in children.

•Asbestos mining causes the dispersal of asbestos

into the environment. This will cause deaths among
local residents and workers, often several decades
later. Fortunately, the mining and use of asbestos are
banned in most parts of the world.
 SOCIAL DAMAGE OF MINING
 A large scale mining creates new infrastructure and provides additional
employment, permanent settlements can arise around these operations
in areas that otherwise would have remained more sparsely inhabited.
Mining comes along with promise of wealth and jobs for people but it
has many negative impacts.
 Appropriation of land belonging to local communities
 Impacts on health
 Alternation of social relationships
 Destruction of forms of community subsistence and life
 Social disintegration
 Radical and abrupt change in regional cultures
 Displacement of other present and future local economic activities.
Case study of Sukinda Valley

Here due to mining of chromite ore

2600000 people affected. Due to open
pit mining, the Brahmin river got
polluted by hexavalent chromium.
According to OVHA about 24.47% of the
inhabitant found to be suffering
pollution induced disease in that area.
Water of Brahmin River
Republic Act No. 7942
AN ACT INSTITUTING A NEW SYSTEM OF MINERAL RESOURCES
EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT, UTILIZATION AND CONSERVATION
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS

Section 1. Title. - This act shall be known as the Philippine Mining Act of 1995.
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - All mineral resources in public and private lands
within the territory and exclusive economic zone of the Republic of the Philippines
are owned by the State. It shall be the responsibility of the State to promote their
rational exploration, development, utilization and conservation through the
combined efforts of government and the private sector in order to enhance national
growth in a way that effectively safeguards the environment and protect the rights
of affected communities.
Thank You for
Listening!!!
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