GONIOMETRY:-
CERVICAL SPINE
Submitted by – Jiya Malhotra
BPT 1st year
22204131
CERVICAL SPINE
Cervical spine is the neck region of spinal
column. It consists first seven bones C1-C7.
STRUCTURE
Atlanto-occipital joints
These are synovial joints of ellipsoid variety.
The altanto-occipital joint is composed of the
right and left deep concave superior facets of
the atlas (C1) that articulate with the right
and left convex occipital condyles of the skull.
Atlantoaxial joints
The atlantoaxial joints is composed of three
separate articulations: the median atlantoaxial
and two lateral joints. A pair of lateral joints
between the inferior facets of the atlas and
superior facets of the axis. A median joints
between the dens and the anterior arch and
between dens and transverse ligament of the
altas.
Intervertebral joints
The intervertebral joints are composed of the
superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral
bodies and the adjacent intervertebral discs.
Zygapophyseal joints
Also known as facet joints . This joint is formed
by the right and left superior articular facets of
one vertebra and the right and left inferior
articular facets of an adjacent superior vertebra.
LANDMARKS FOR TESTING
CERVICAL FLEXION
Planes/axis of movement :
Movement occurs in the sagittal plane
around a medial lateral axis.
Range of motion :
0 degrees to 45 degrees with the goniometer.
1.0 to 4.3 with tape measure.
Testing Position :-Place the individual in the
sitting position , with the thoracic and lumbar
spine well supported against the back of a
chair. Feet should be flat on the floor and
shoulders should be relaxed with hands
resting on the thighs.
Stabilization :- The trunk should be stabilized
against the back of a chair.
Goniometer Alignment :-
1. Center fulcrum of the goniometer over the
external auditory meatus.
2. Align stationary arm perpendicular to the
floor.
3. Align moving arm parallel to the base of
the nose.
The subject should be sitting with the
thoracic spine stabilized against a chair.
The head is in neutral position.
The cervical spine should be in a position
of maximal flexion at the end of the
movement.
Tape Measure Alignment :-
1. In the starting testing position , use a skin
marking pencil to place marks on the
following landmarks : the lower edge of
the sternal notch and the middle of the tip
of the chin.
2. At the end of the ROM measure the
distance between the mark on the tip of the
chin and the mark at the lower edge of the
sternal notch.
The distance measured between the chin and sternal notch.
CERVICAL EXTENSION
Plane/axis of movement :-
Movement occurs in the sagittal plane
around a medial lateral axis.
Range of motion :-
45 degrees to 0 degrees of extension.
Approximately 7 inches of extension using a
tape
Testing Position :-
Place the individual in the sitting position ,
with the thoracic and lumbar spine well
supported by the back of a chair. Position the
cervical spine in 0 degree of rotation and
lateral flexion.
Stabilization :-
The trunk should be stabilized against the
back of a chair.
Goniometer Alignment :-
1. Center fulcrum of the goniometer over
the external auditory meatus.
2. Align stationary arm perpendicular to the
floor.
3. Align moving arm parallel to the base of
the nose.
The subject should be sitting with the thoracic spine stabilized
against the chair.
The cervical spine should be in full cervical extension at the end
of the movement.
Tape Measure Alignment :-
1. In the starting testing position , use a skin
marking pencil to place marks on the
following landmarks : the lower edge of
the sternal notch and the middle of the tip
of the chin.
2. At the end of the ROM measure the
distance between the mark on the tip of
the chin and the mark at the lower edge
of the sternal notch.
The distance between the chin and the sternal notch.
CERVICAL LATERAL FLEXION
Plane/axis of movement :-
Motion occurs in the frontal plane around an
anterior posterior axis.
Range of motion :-
0 degrees to 45 degrees.
Approximately 5 inches if using a tape
measure.
Testing Position :-
The individual also should be carefully
positioned by being seating back chair with
the mid-back region in contact with the back
of the chair. The cervical spine should be in 0
degree of flexion, extension and rotation.
Stabilization :-
Stabilize the shoulder girdle and chest to
prevent lateral flexion of the thoracic and
lumbar spine.
Goniometer Alignment :-
1. Center fulcrum of the goniometer over
the spinous process of the C7 vertebra.
2. Align stationary arm perpendicular to
the floor.
3. Align moving arm over the external
occipital protuberance for reference.
Tape Measure Alignment :-
Use a skin marking pencil to place marks
on the individual’s mastoid process and
on the lateral tip of the acromial process.
Measure the distance between the two
marks at the end of cervical lateral flexion
ROM.
The distance between the mastoid process and acromion
process is measured.
CERVICAL ROTATION
Planes/axis of movement :-
Motion occurs in the transverse plane
around a vertical axis.
Range of motion :-
0 degrees to 60 degrees.
Approximately 5 inches if using a tape.
Testing Position :-
Place the individual sitting, with the thoracic
and lumbar spine well supported by the back
on the chair.
Stabilization :-
Stabilize the shoulder girdle and chest to
prevent rotation of the thoracic and lumbar
spine.
Goniometer Alignment :-
1. Center fulcrum of the goniometer over
the center of the cranial aspect of the
head.
2. Align stationary arm parallel to an
imaginary line between the left and
right acromial process.
3. Align moving arm with the tip of the
nose.
Tape Measure :-
Use a skin marking pencil to place marks on
the tip of the chin and the acromial process.
Have the individual look straight ahead and
the turn the head to the right as far as
possible without rotating the trunk.
Measure the distant between the two marks
at the end of the motion.
The distance between the top of the chin and the same side
acromion process is measured.
THANK YOU
