WEB TECHNOLOGIES
B. PHARM
II SEMESTER
MS. NIKITA J. BHUTE
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
OF NAGPUR COLLEGE
OF PHARMACY
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION TO HTML
• INTRODUCTION TO XML
• INTRODUCTION TO CSS
• INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
• INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVERS AND SERVER
PRODUCTS
• INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES
• INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL
• MS ACCESS
• PHARMACY DRUG DATABASE
• The mechanism of communication between various computers
through different languages and multimedia packages is known
as web technology.
• Examples of web technologies are:
1) Mark-up languages like HTML, XML and HTTP
2) Programming Languages and Technologies like Java, Visual Basic
and Dot Net.
3) Web servers and server technologies that assist in sharing common
network for worldwide communication.
4) Databases which are used to store information on a computer
network.
Thus, web technology helps in providing common platform for
effective communication among different users and different devices
which are inter-related through a computer network.
INTRODUCTION TO HTML
• Hyper Text Mark-up Language acts as a foundation to hold every website.
• HTML is an open language which is easy to learn and works on tag system.
• In this language, each tag affects the content that has been placed in that particular
tag.
• HTML tags label various pieces of content as "heading", "paragraph", "table" and
so on.
• HTML elements are also known as building blocks of all HTML pages.
• HTML is not a programming language.
• HTML is a mark-up language that works on mark-up tags.
• HTML is a language for describing web pages.
• A markup language is a set of markup tags.
• HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
• HTML is not a case-sensitive language.
• HTML tags are elements surrounded by angle brackets.
• HTML tags come in pairs and first tag in this pair is called start tag and second tag
is called end tag.
• The end tag is written like start tag but it contains forward slash,
Example: Start tag is <p> and end tag is </p>
•Example HTML Document
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
• HTML Headings
Headings are very important in HTML documents.
They are defined with <h1> to <h6> tags.
The most important heading is denoted as <h1> and least important is denoted as
<h6> HTML.
• Page Structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Html Section
<head> <body>
<title>........</title> <h1>.....</h1>
<style>......</style> <h2>…..</h2>
<script>.....</script> <p>.....</p>
<a>…..</a>
<meta…../>
<link>.........../>
</head> </body>
HTML Page Structure
That's all you need for a basic web page!
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>My Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is my first web page. </p>
</body>
<footer>
<p>This is footer section of page. </p>
</footer>
</html>
INTRODUCTION TO XML
• XML refers to EXtensible Markup Language.
• It is another markup language like that of HTML
• The difference lies in the fact that in XML, tags are not pre-defined and
one has to define his own tags.
• This language is self describing and uses DTD (Document Type
Definition) to describe its data.
• The major difference between both the languages is that XML was
designed to describe data and HTML was designed to display data.
Therefore, we can say that XML acts as a complement for HTML.
• XML language uses certain set of rules for encoding documents that can
be read by both humans and machines.
• A markup language is used to provide information about a document.
• Tags are added to the document to provide the extra information. .
• HTML tags tell a browser how to display the document.
• XML tags give a reader some idea what some of the data means.
• Uses of XML
• It has become default format for many office productivity
tools like Microsoft Office.
• It is used as a base language for communication protocols like
XMPP.
• It is also used to interchange data from one computer to
another through internet.
• XML is used in web development.
• XML is Used to Exchange Data
• XML can Separate Data from HTML.
• XML Can be Used to Share Data.
• XML Can be Used to Store Data.
• XML Can Make your Data More Useful.
• XML Can be Used to Create New *ML Languages
• Tags in XML
Tags in XML language can be expressed in three ways-
1.Start tag as <section>;
2. End tag as </section>; and
3 Empty element tag as <<line-break />
• XML Example for a note containing simple reminder from
Sam to Tom
<note>
<to>Tom</to>
<from>Sam</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
• Advantages of XML
XML is text (Unicode) based.
- Takes up less space.
- Can be transmitted efficiently.
One XML document can be displayed differently in different
media.
- Html, video, CD, DVD,
- You only have to change the XML document in order to
change all the rest.
XML documents can be modularized. Parts can be reused.
a framework for distributing data on the Web
an tool for exchanging data between different applications
a universal format for exchanging data between machines and
operating systems
INTRODUCTION TO CSS
• CSS refers to Cascading Style Sheets.
•These sheets describe how HTML elements will be displayed on the screen.
•CSS can be defined as a design language which is used to make web pages more presentable.
• Contains the rules for the presentation of HTML
•CSS was introduced to keep the presentation information separate from HTML markup
(content).
•Uses of CSS
CSS is used to design various styles for different web pages.
It can be used to control the following elements -
1.Text color
2. Font style
3. Spacing between paragraphs
4. Layout and size of column
5. Background images
6. Background colors
7. Layout design
8. Other effects
Example of CSS for center alignment and color change
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="center">Red and center-aligned heading</h1>
<p class="center">Red and center-aligned paragraph</p>
</body>
</html>
Advantages of CSS
• These sheets save lot of time and work as they can control layout of multiple web
pages.
• CSS helps load web pages faster as you need not write HTML tag attributes every
time.
• CSS is easy to maintain. If you change the style, all other elements will be
automatically updated.
• CSS provides superior styles as compared to simple HTML.
• The details of CSS can be summarized as mentioned below-
• Determines how the elements in our XHTML documents are displayed and formatted.
• Designed to separate the content of a web page from the presentation of that content..
• Enables us to make all pages of our website look similar and consistent (font, color,
etc.).
• Allows us to make site-wide formatting changes from a single location (rather than
having to edit each page individually).
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
• Programming Language refers to set of instructions that are
provided to the computer to describe computations and
generate executable programs.
• Every programming language has words, symbols and
grammatical rules and these rules are known as syntax. Each
language has different set of syntax rules. Different
programming languages been developed to execute different
programs.
• A programming language is a set of rules that provides a way
of telling a computer what operations to perform.
• A programming language is a set of rules for communicating
an algorithm
• It provides a linguistic framework for describing computations
• CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES-
1. This language is independent of computer system i.e.
instead of being machine-oriented it should be more
oriented towards the given problem to be solved.
2. Each instruction of programming language should get
converted into machine language instruction.
3. This language should be easy to understand and should
use abbreviations and words that are used in everyday
communication.
4. The language should be written using common words
and mathematical symbols.
• TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
1. First Generation Programming Language - This is a machine
dependent language that can be understood by the computer. It was
mostly used for addition and subtraction.
2. Second Generation Programming Language- These are known as
assembly languages and these need to be translated into one
machine language. These were comparatively easier to write.
3. Third Generation Programming Language - These were closer to
English but included some mathematical notation as well. Eg. VB,
C, C++. These are high-level languages.
4. Fourth Generation Programming Language - These languages
require lesser instructions to complete a particular task. They are
used with databases in Form Designers and Report Generators.
These are very high level languages like SQL.
5. Fifth Generation Programming Language- These are also known
as declarative languages and are based on mathematical logics. They
are also called natural languages.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Python
C
Java
High-Level Language
Assembly Language
Machine Language
Hardware
• MACHINE LANGUAGE OR FIRST GENERATION
LANGUAGE-
The set of instruction codes which is directly understood by
CPU of computer is known as machine language. It does not
require any kind of translating program.
This is basic computer language. Such programs vary from
one computer to another i.e. they are machine dependent.
Machine language consists of binary digits for performing
internal operations which are easily understood by the
computers.
Machine language usually has two parts first part contains
the command that tells what function needs to be
performed and second part contains instruction that tells
where to store the data or information. Such languages are
used for adding, subtracting. writing and so on.
• Advantages of Machine Language -
It is directly understood by the computer.
No translating program is required.
It is very fast and easy to be processed by the computer.
• Disadvantages of Machine Language -
It is machine dependent and vary from one computer to
another.
It is easily understood by computer but it is difficult for
programmer to remember dozens of code numbers for
different commands or refer to a reference card every time.
It is difficult to locate errors in machine language and
therefore, it is very difficult to modify it.
• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE OR SECOND GENERATION
LANGUAGE-
These are low-level languages that allow users to use various
abbreviations or other words instead of binary numbers.
Each assembly language gets translated into machine instructions by
assembler program.
These languages are hardware dependent.
• Advantages of Assembly Language-
It is easier to use and understand.
It is easier to locate and rectify errors in this language.
It is quite easier to modify the programs written in this language.
• Disadvantages of Assembly Language-
It is hardware dependent.
Knowledge of hardware is required to write program this language.
• High Level Language or Third Generation Language
• To overcome the difficulties with machine language and assembly
language, these kind of languages were developed that allow
programmers to describe various tasks in a form which is problem
oriented instead of being computer oriented. Such instructions that
are written in high level programs are called statements.
• Advantages High Level Language-
It is independent of machine.
It is easy to use and learn.
It has reduced occurrence of errors as the programmer need not write
all small steps that are being carried out by the computer.
Errors if any can be easily located in this language.
It requires less time and effort and hence reduces the cost of
programming.
In this instructions and commands much easier to remember by
programmer.
Its logic and structure are much easier to understand.
Debugging is easier compare to other languages.
Less time consuming to writing new programs.
HLL are described as being portable language.
• Disadvantages of High Level Language-
The programs written in these languages take more time to run
and require more main memory.
These are less flexible as they are not under much control of
programmer.
They are based on more automatic features.
HLL programming language take more space compare to other
MLL (machine level language) and/or ALL (Assembly level
language).
This programming language execute slowly.
• Fourth Generation Languages-
These are very high level languages which are much more user
oriented.
Such languages save a lot of time for programmers as they need not
write as many lines of code as they usually write for other programs.
These languages are used for report generation and interactive
database management system.
• Natural Languages or Fifth Generation Languages-
These languages allow questions or commands that can be framed in
an interactive manner.
Eg. You can easily state that I want sales data of last quarter.
Natural Languages are a part of artificial intelligence.
Top programming languages
Out of these languages, the most commonly used languages are
described below. The given description shows most
programming languages all over the world in the year 2017.
Google C
Analytics 20%
4% JAVA
19%
Java
Script
5%
SQL
PHP
11%
5%
Facebook
CSS Graph
6% API
8%
INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVERS
AND SERVER PRODUCTS
• Web server is a computer program that provides files to the via HTTP and
distributes information on worldwide web.
• The major function of web server is to store and process required
information and provide web pages to its clients.
• The whole process of communication between the client and the server
takes place through Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
• The delivered pages are mostly in HTML format.
• Web server can also be defined as an internet server that responds to
clients' requests through HTTP and deliver the required web pages.
• For eg. If you are sitting in front of a computer and surfing internet, you
get an email from your friend asking you to check latest fashion updates
and offers on http://www.myntra.com/offers You can simply type this
URL into your web browser and press Enter key.
• The website with existing offers will open up in front of you despite the
fact that website or web page is hosted anywhere else in the world.
Your browser
connects to a server
and requests a page.
The server sends back
the requested page.
Your local computer Server computer
wf Web browser software wf Web server software
• A web server is always connected to the internet and has
unique address with a series of four numbers between 0 and
255 separated by periods. This unique address is known as IP
address of the computer.
• There are different types of web servers available in internet
world.
• Web hosting companies select any web server based on their
client's requirements as the number of clients going to work on
a single server, software being used by client and amount of
traffic they would be going to generate.
• It is were a Web Pages stored a special server.
• A web server is a program that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) to serve the files that form Web pages to
users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded
by their computers' HTTP clients.
• Out of these, Apache is the most popular web server in the world
that can be installed on almost all operating systems. Around 65%
of machines run on Apache Web Server.
• Web Servers and Server Products
A Web server is the computer on which you host your Web site.
It is connected directly to the Internet and sends hosted Web pages
to the client using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
If you host your FrontPage site through an Internet service
provider (ISP), Web presence provider (WPP), or Web host
provider (WHP), you may have access to several different types of
Web, servers.
The most common Web servers available are
1.Windows-based servers running Microsoft Internet
Information Services (IIS)
2. UNIX-based servers running Apache.
Other
3%
Types of web server
Nginx web server Apache
65%
Internet
Information
Services (IIS)
Lighttpd
Sun Java System
web server
Jigsaw Server
Apache Tomcat
Google server
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES
Database refers to systematic and structured collection of data.
Examples : Printed catalogues, brochures, telephone directories
This data can be stored in the form of tables, charts, views, repots and queries.
The data is usually stored on disk and can be accessed by many users at a time.
Databases are managed by Database Management Systems (DBMS) which
is a computer including set of programs used to manage and store data in a
set format.
DBMS is responsible for access of data, updation of data, security, back up,
recovery, maximal availability and to support interface packages for better
access to its users.
Some of the major DBMS include MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, SAP
HANA, MemSQL, SQLite and IBM DB2.
• Functions of DBMS:
Contains query language
Manage database structure
Controls access to data
• Benefits of DBMS :
After introduction of DBMS, it has become easier for all organizations to keep a record of all
necessary details.
It has become faster to search information on any topic at any time and any location, which in turn has
increased effectiveness of work.
• APPLICATIONS OF DBMS :
Ticket Reservation - It has become easier to keep a track of ticket booking, availability of seats, train
arrival and departure etc.
Banking - It is because of DBMS that banks can track every transaction related to any account.
Banking has become easier and we can send and receive money through our bank account while
sitting at our home.
Online Courses and Examination - Through DBMS, various Universities and colleges can provide
online training and can also conduct examination at various centers at the same time. Complete record
of student's registration, fee status, grades, scores, roll numbers, passing year etc can be maintained.
Social Media - Today, we can see that each and every person is connected to number of friends and
relatives through various social media. They can share their views and post their comments on
different topics. People can connect to each other while sitting comfortably in their homes. It is all
because of DBMS.
• Online Shopping - Due to today's busy life style, we have seen that people
are getting attracted towards online shopping as it is much easier and faster.
Moreover, return policies provided by various companies further add to
customer's satisfaction. A complete record of products ordered, delivery
address, dispatch date, bill, payment and return policy is kept till the product
is safely delivered to each and every customer.
• Who Uses Computer Databases?
Stores use them to keep track of inventory
Travel Agents can keep up with their customers and reservations
Hospitals track patient information
Customers online when shopping
Students online when Researching information for school
• Therefore, we can say that databases and database management system has
become an integral part of our life. We are solely dependent on these systems
for proper functioning of our day to day activities. These databases are the
structural unit of internet without which we cannot imagine our life.
• Purpose of Database Systems
In the early days, database applications were built directly on
top of file systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different
files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation
multiple files and formats
INTRODUCTION TO MYSQL
• MySQL is a multi-user and multi-threaded DBMS which is quite popular
on the web.
• SQL in MySQL refers to Structured Query Language.
• It is an open-source relational database management system that comes in
two versions namely MySQL server system and MySQL which was
embedded system.
• The development of MySQL started in 1994 by a Swedish company
MySQL AB, further acquired by Sun Microsystems and then by
Oracle.
• MySQL is written in C and C++ and is used in many large scale websites
like Google, Facebook,Twitter, Flickr and YouTube.
• MySQL Products -
Servers can be community server, enterprise server or embedded server.
GUI Tools include administrator, migration tool kit, query browser and
visual studio.
My SQL Drivers include .JDBC, .ODBC, .NET and .PHP
• BENEFITS OF MY SQL
1. It's easy to use: While a basic knowledge of SQL is required-and most relational
databases require the same knowledge-MySQL is very easy to use. With only a
few simple SQL statements, you can build and interact with MySQL.
2. It's secure: MySQL includes solid data security layers that protect sensitive data
from intruders. Rights can be set to allow some or all privileges to individuals.
Passwords are encrypted.
3. It's inexpensive: MySQL is included for free with NetWare@ 6.5 and available
by free download from MySQL Web site.
4. This server provides multi-user access to large number of databases.
5. MySQL server is fast, reliable and easy to use server.
• Why Use MySQL?
MySQL server can handle very large databases.
Offers rich and very useful set of functions.
Connectivity, speed and security make MySQL very suited for accessing database
on a network.
A lot of contributed software available.
• Therefore, we can say that MySQL is the most popular SQL Database Management
System being used in development of various web-based software applications.
MS ACCESS
•Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft which combines
relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine and graphical user interface with software-
development tools.
•Microsoft Access has its own format to store data and it can import or link directly to data
stored in other applications and databases.
•Various software developers use MS Access to develop Application Software. MS Access is
supported by VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) which is an object-based programming
language used to develop programs.
•Components of MS Access –
MS Access is made up of following components-
Tables-They are considered as the backbone of the data stored in database.
Relationships - They refer to the bonds which join tables of associated elements.
Queries - They can be used to sort, calculate, group, filter, sort and delete data as
Forms-They act as an interface for the users to enter data into database.
Reports - They refer to the results generated after entering data into the database.
Macros - These can be referred to as an automatic way of MS Access to carry out a series of
actions for the database. These actions are carried out in the order you enter the data.
Modules-It is the basis of programming language that supports MS Access.
• Limitations of MS Access -
Maximum table size 1 Gb
No. if fields in a record or table 255
No. of indexes in a table or a record 32
No. of fields in an index 10
No. of tables in a query 32
Maximum size of a form or report 22”
Characters in a memo field 64,000
MDB size 2 Gb
Concurrent Users 255
No. of characters in object names 64
• Uses of MS Access –
This database can be used to perform following functions
Data Management
Display complex queries and data subsets
Database management for multiple users
Generate reports for data summarization
Automation of common events
• Use of Ms Access - Access enables to arrange the data in a fixed structure. Its structure makes the
information easy to
Manipulate
Sort
Display
Print
• Advantages
The Office 2010 interface style is familiar, so users who have other Office products will not be lost
when dealing with Access.
With careful planning and thoughtful setup, Access gives the user a consistent "container" for data
that can be reliably retrieved, manipulated and reported.
Microsoft Access is significantly cheaper to implement and maintain compared to larger database
systems such as Oracle or SQL Server.
• Disadvantages
Microsoft Access is not meant to have multiple users at any given time. While it can support them,
problems with functionality can pop up.
All the information from your database is saved into one file- this can limit what you can do with it
and slow down reports, queries, and forms.
Since Microsoft Access cannot handle large data requests, if you are using to the maximum amount of
data, it will run slowly.
PHARMACY DRUG DATABASE
• Pharmacy drug database refers to collection compilation of data related to various
drugs that can be used by physicians and other healthcare professionals to ensure
provision of best pharmaceutical services to the patients.
• Examples of Pharmacy Drug Database -
DynaMed- It is a reference tool created by physicians that contains clinically -
organized summaries that can by used by other physicians and healthcare
professionals.
Essential Evidence Plus - It is an evidence - based clinical research database with
access to information on different pharmaceutical topics, guidelines, abstracts, and
summaries.
Drugs@FDA - It refers to catalog of FDA approved drugs including both
prescription and over the counter drugs.
LactMed- It is a peer - reviewed and referenced database of drugs which are
considered safe for lactating mothers.
• Pharmacy computer systems are used for variety of functions like printing patient
records, checking drug interactions, updating patient profile and automated drug
dispensing.
• Computers and Pharmacy
Right now computers and pharmacy go hand in hand.
Drug and patient database management; order entry systems; drug
information: billing; purchasing; automated dispensing units; and
on and ON!
Today we can exchange health information and provide services
across geographic, time and social boundaries.
• Functions of Pharmacy Management Systems -
Patient profiles
Physician database
Pharmacy drug inventory
• Purpose of Pharmacy Drug Database
Pharmacy drug database is created in order to maintain effective and clear data
saving network which can be assessed by any healthcare professional at the time of
need.
Such database reduces time and effort and ensures availability of best available
treatment in a given situation.
As complete information on any drug can be searched, a physician can
simultaneously review various drug indications, side effects, contraindications,
dosages, alternate options, allergic reactions etc.
Hence, he can decide the most effective drug to be prescribed to a patient in an hour
of need.
Such systems are required by all medical personnel to access relevant information
about various drugs whether it is their dosage, usage, mode of action, side effects,
drug interactions, shelf life or any such detail.
Such systems have helped a lot to improve the quality and quantity of drug usages at
appropriate time and place.
Life expectancy has increased and people have started living quality life free from
various diseases.
THANK YOU….
