HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

CRISIS MANAGEMENT
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Anything an individual does that involves self-
initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation.

An attitude that a person adopts to fit society’s idea

of right or wrong.

Sum total of man’s reaction to his environment or

the way human being acts.
•refers to the array of every physical action and
observable emotion associated with individuals, as
well as the human race as a whole. While specific
traits of one's personality and temperament may be
more consistent, other behaviors will change as
one moves from birth through adulthood

• the capacity of mental, physical, emotional, and

social activities experienced during the five stages
of a human being's life - prenatal, infancy,
childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Includes
the behaviors as dictated by culture, society, values,
morals, ethics, and genetics.
Human Beings
Intelligent social animals with the mental
capacity to comprehend, infer and think in
rational ways.
Views on Human beings

Neurological view – deals with human actions in

relation to events taking place inside the body.

Behavioral view – emphasizes on external

functions of the human being that can be
observed and measured.
Cognitive view – concerned with the way the
brain processes and transforms information into
various ways.

Psychoanalytical view – emphasizes unconscious

motives that originates from aggressive impulses
in childhood.

Humanistic view – focuses on the subject’s

experience, freedom of choice and motivation
toward self-actualization.
Two Basic Types of Behavior

Inherited (Inborn) Behavior

Any behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by
people because of their inherited capabilities or
the process of natural selection.
Modified through adaptation as the
environment acts on the individual.
Learned (Operant) Behavior
Knowing or adaptation that enhances human
beings ability to cope w/ changes in the
environment in ways which improve the chances
of survival.
The key to this behavior depends in its end
results for the person and the environment.
It may be acquired through environment or
training.

Those normal human beings exhibit both types of

behaviors simultaneously and able to integrate them
into a fairly stable person.
Classification of Human Behavior

Habitual – motorized behavior usually manifested

in language and emotion.
Instinctive – generally unlearned and simply comes
out of man’s instinct which can be seen among
instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
Symbolic – behaviors that usually carried out by
means of unsaid words and shown through symbols
or body signs.
Complex – those behaviors that combine two or
more of the classified ones.
Causes of Human Behavior
Sensation – the feeling/impression created by a
given stimulus/cause that leads to a particular
reaction or behavior.
Visual – sight
Olfactory – smell
Coetaneous – touch
Auditory – hearing
Gustatory – taste
Perception – person’s knowledge of a given
stimulus which largely help to determine the
actual behavioral response in a given situation.
Awareness – the psychological activity based on
interpretation of the past experiences with a given
stimulus or object.
Factors that affect Human Behavior
Heredity – it is passing of traits to offspring. this
is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism.
Environment – surroundings of an object. It
consist of conditions and factors that surround
and influence behavioral pattern.
Learning – the process by which an individual’s
behavior changes as a result of experience or
practice.
Factors that Determine Human Behavior
Value System
Value represent ideas and beliefs through which
we define our personal goals, choose personal
courses of action and judge our own behavior
with that of others.
Individual values and value systems are
manifested among our people in their behaviors
towards their works.

Due to this, seven psychosocial existence emerged.

Reactive

basic level of existence in the evolution chain.

Childlike
Exist in the here and now and no conception of
cause or effect.
Not aware of themselves or others as individuals.
Only interest in the physiological aspect of work,
such as: play, benefits, safety, working conditions,
etc.
Tribalistic

Way of life
Mainly concerned with their own safety and
principal value is tradition.
Strong need for direction from the boss.
Impress by the use of power and authority.
Group values are considered binding.
Violation of group shared expectations gives
strong negative sanctions.
Egocentric
Inclined to be suspicious and disruptive.
Selfish, thoughtless, unscrupulous and
dishonest.
Power is viewed as the inalienable right.

Conformist
Accept their position in life and inequity as a fact
of life.
Subscribe to work ethic and believe I self-
sacrifice, duty, loyalty and achieving perfection.
Go by the book and has low tolerance.
Judge themselves and others in terms of absolute
moral law.
Manipulative
Wheeler-dealers who constantly strive to get
ahead.
Ambitious, practical and utilitarian in their
efforts to achieve recognition, status and material
rewards.
See everything as a game.
On the lookout on the surest and best way to
beat the system.
Goal-oriented moral entrepreneurs with a desire
to meet their own needs regardless of the cost.
Sociocentric
Feels that getting along w/ others is more
important than getting ahead of them.
Value system is centered around interpersonal
relationship, positive human relations,
empathetic supervision and goal-oriented
collaboration within the work group.
Existential
Focus on themselves as autonomous individuals.
Believe in meaningful work through job
enrichment.
Value spontaneity over conventionality.
Continuing growth and development is very
important.
Intolerant of closed systems, overly restrictive
policy and arbitrary use of authority.
Quite viewed as trouble makers and may force
out of work.
Do not or will not conform culturally mandated
expectations
Perception
Mental screen or filter through w/c information
must pass before it can be integrated in human
thought process and behavior.
Inherently complex psychosocial process by w/c
human beings attach meanings to those things
they experience through senses.
Process by which people organize and interpret
sensory input.
Formed based on the interaction between the
perceiver, target and the situational context.
Idea, event, person, place and things influence
the perceiver’s interpretation of all sensory data.
Motivation

Comes from Latin word “MOVEERS” w/c means

“TO MOVE”
Energizing force that directs and controls our
behavior towards the achievement of our goals.
Increase the vigor of an individuals’ activity.
Energizes the person, prompts and compels him
to act/behave in a particular way so as to satisfy
his needs.
State or condition of being induced to do
something.
Types of Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that is driven by an interest or
enjoyment in the task itself and exist within
the individual rather than relying on any
external pressure.

Extrinsic Motivation
Comes from the outside of the individual.
Common extrinsic motivations are rewards
like money and grades. Coercion and threat of
punishment.
 Basic Terminologies Attached In
Motivation
 Needs- something that exist within people that
moves them to engage in worked-related behavior
in an effort to accomplish “personal goals”.

 Drives- dynamic inner forces created and

energized by human needs.

 Tension- the frustration or discomfort caused by

unfulfilled human needs.
 Basic Terminologies Attached In
Motivation
 Motives- inner impulses, drives, needs and abstract
values that energize, activate, move and direct
behavior that is designed to achieve specific goals.

 Goals- objects, conditions, or activities towards which

a particular motive is directed.

 Incentives- internal and external incentives such as

anticipated satisfaction, (positive or negative). Social
reinforcement and financial rewards provide the input
for goal oriented behavior designed to reduced the
tension caused by unfulfilled human needs.
 Basic Terminologies Attached In
Motivation
 Performance- the purposeful activity that
results from an individual’s goal oriented
behavior and normally evaluated in terms of
specific outcomes.

 Motivation- psychosocial process which

produce an attitude that results in an action
leading to a particular result.
 Basic Terminologies Attached In
Motivation
 Internal Motivation- comes from within the
person (based needs,drives,feelings, desires and
values) and activates certain conscious and
unconscious behaviors designed to produce
satisfaction.

 External Motivation- involves the application of

incentves to encourage patterns of behavior that
will contribute to accomplishment of goals and
objectives
Personality Traits that Affect Human Behavior
Extroversion – interest directed toward the
external environment of people and things rather
that toward inner experiences and oneself. Tend
to be gregarious, assertive and interested in
seeking excitement.
Introversion – direction of interest toward
oneself and one’s inner world of experiences.
Tend to be more reserved, less outgoing and less
sociable. Not necessarily loners but they tend to
have fewer friends. Social discomfort not social
preference.
Ambiversion – balance of extrovert and introvert
characteristics. Normally comfortable w/ groups
and enjoys social interaction. Relishes time alone
and away from the crowd.
Neuroticism – fundamental personality trait in the
study of psychology. Enduring tendency to
experience negative emotional states. React
intensely and generally moody, touchy, depress,
sensitive and anxious or nervous. Respond poorly to
environmental stress. Interpret ordinary situations
threatening and minor frustrations as hopelessly
difficult. Often self-conscious, shy and have trouble
controlling urges and delaying gratifications.
Associated w/ low emotional intelligence. Risk
factor for internalizing mental disorders.
Psychoticism – characterized by cold cruelty, social
intensetivity, disregard for danger , troublesome
behavior, dislike of others and an attraction towards
unusual. A person high on psychoticism tends to be
impulsive, aggressive individuals without
appreciable concern for others.
Frustrations

Wide used in the study of human behavior.

Refers to the situation which blocks the
individual’s motivated behavior.
Sustained frustrations may be characterized by
anxiety, irritability, fatigue and depression.
Three Basic Forms of Conflict

Approach-Avoidance Conflict – occurs when an

individual moves closer to a seemingly desirable
object, only to have the potentiality negative
consequences of contacting that object push
back against the closing behavior.
Approach-Approach Conflict – resulting the
necessity of choosing two desirable alternatives
but one option can be chosen.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict – resulting two
undesirable or unattractive alternatives where a
person has to decide of choosing one of the
undesirable things.
Manifestation of Frustration

An individual may manifest frustration by

anxiety, irritability, emotional tension,
depression or fatigue.
Usually unhappy or restless.
Starts when a person failed to satisfy his needs or
goals in life.
Obstacle and difficulties sometimes stand a way
between individual and his goal.
Reasons why some people failed to realize or achieve
their goals:
Unrealistic Goals – can be seen when a person
level of aspiration is higher than his level of
achievement.
Harmful/Antisocial Goals – when a person desire
to reach his goals is harmful to others.
Conflicting Goals – two or more goals is rebound
to personal interest and the benefit of the goal is
one sided.
Environmental Difficulties – when goals cannot
be simply attained due to many hindrances
within a person.
Coping Mechanism
Defined as the way people react to frustration.
People differ in the way they react.
Could be attributed to individual differences and
the way it prepared in the development task they
faced during early stages of their life.

Development Task – refers to the task imposed on

the individual maturation and culture that prepares
a person to the next stage of their life.
Frustration Tolerance

Ability to withstand frustration w/out

developing inadequate modes of response such
as being emotionally depressed or irritated,
becoming neurotic or becoming aggressive.

Some people can manage to withstand prolong

period of frustration without showing any sign of
abnormality. However some may exhibit
abnormal behavior.
A frustration can be broadly classified into fight-
flight:

Fight – manifested by fighting the problem in a

constructive and direct way by means of breaking
down the obstacle preventing person reaching
his goals.

 flight – can be manifested by sulking, retreating,

becoming indifferent and giving up.
Types of reaction to frustrations:
Direct Approach – can be seen to those who
handle their problems in a perspective way and
practicality is used in solving the problem.
Detour – an individual that in finding a solution,
always end up with negative outcome. He makes
a detour or change direction to find out if a
remedy or solution in there.
Substitution – when a original plan intended to
solve the problem did not produce intended
result, the most practical way to face the
problem, is to look for most possible or
alternative means.
Withdrawal or retreat – corresponding to running
away from the problem.
Developing feeling of inferiority – when unable to
hold on to any solution w/c gives positive results
could result to diminishing self-confidence, until
the time when inferiority complex sets in.
Aggression – negative outcome of the person’s
inability to handle frustration rightly. Manifestation
in physical behavior can be observed in one’s
negative attitudes towards life both in the personal
and professional aspect.
Use of Defense Mechanism – most tolerated way of
handling frustration. Man’s last resort when
attempting to overcome fear from the anticipated
situation.
Common Defense Mechanism
Displacement – displaced onto another person or
object as the recipient of emotion rather than
focusing it from the cause.
Rationalization – enables to justify their behavior
to themselves and others by making excuses or
formulating fictitious, socially approved
arguments to convince themselves and others
that their behavior is logical and acceptable.
Compensation – psychological defense
mechanism through which people attempt of
overcome the anxiety associated w/ feelings of
inferiority and inadequacy by concentrating on
another area where they can excel.
Projection – feelings and ideas which are
unacceptable to ego and superego that projected
onto others to free the individual from guilt and
anxiety.
Reaction Formation – development of trait(s) which
are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want
to recognize. Consequently, he can able to keep his
urge and impulses under control.
Denial – refuses to recognize and deal with reality
because of strong inner needs.
Repression – unconscious process whereby
unacceptable urges or painful traumatic experiences
are completely prevented from entering
consciousness.
Suppression – conscious activity by which attempts
to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
experiences by pushing them out of the mind.
Identification – a defense mechanism that seeks to
overcome own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness or
inferiority by taking on the characteristics of
someone who is important to him.
Substitution – a defense mechanism seeks to
overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by
achieving alternate goals and gratifications.
Fantasy – resulted to wherever unfulfilled ambitions
and unconscious drives do not materialize.
Regression – reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking
or behavior which appropriate to an earlier stage of
development
Sublimation – process by instinctual drives which
consciously unacceptable are diverted into
personally and socially accepted channels. A positive
and constructive mechanism for defending against
own unacceptable impulses and needs.
Abnormal Behavior
Normal behavior
refers to lack of significant deviation from the
average.
Someone who conforms to be predominant
behavior in a society.

Abnormal Behavior
Literary means “away from the normal”.
Implies deviation from some clearly defined
norm.
In case of physical illness, norm is structural
and functional integrity of the body.
Basic and Conflicting Views
(1) Abnormal as Deviation from Social Norm
Formulated by Ullman and Krasner.
Simply a label given to behavior that is
deviant from social expectations.
Also maintained behavior that cannot be
considered abnormal so long as society
accepts it.
It rest on questionable assumption that it is
social acceptance that makes behavior normal
– that one set of values is as good another for
human beings to adopt.
Social Norms
Rules that group uses for appropriate values,
beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
Behavior and cues within the society or group.
Acceptable or expected patterns of behavior.
Described as the customary rules of behavior
that coordinates our interactions with others.

Indicate the establishment and approved ways of

doing things, of dress, of speech and of appearance.
May vary and evolve not only through time but also
vary from one age group to another and between
social classes and social groups.
(2) Abnormal as Maladaptive
Adaptive behavior
Used to adjust to another type of behavior or
situation.
Often characterized by kind of behavior that
allows an individual to change an
unconstructive or disruptive behavior to
something more constructive.
Often social or personal behaviors
Maladaptive behavior
Behavior or trait that is not adaptive.
Counterproductive to the individual.
Frequently used as an indicator of abnormality
or mental dysfunction.
Behavioral Disorders
Psychosomatic Disorder
The physical illness is considered to be highly
associated with emotional factors.
Generally affect organ systems whose
functioning is involuntary.
May not perceive that the emotional state is
contributing to the physical symptoms.
Psychosomatic Illness
Neurosis
Class of functional mental disorders involving
distress but neither delusions or
hallucinations, whereby behavior is not
outside socially acceptable norms.
The distinguishing feature of neurosis is a
sustained characteristic of showing anxiety, fear,
endless troubles that carries significant aspects of
the individual’s life
Neurotic Nucleus – faulty evaluation of reality
and the tendency to avoid rather than cope
with stress.
Neurotic Paradox – tendency to maintain
lifestyle despite its self-defeating and
maladaptive nature.
Anxiety Disorders
Blanket terms covering several different forms of
abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety.
Excessive level of experience of negative
emotions are refer to anxiety.
Forms of Anxiety
(1)Phobias is the intense and unrealistic fear, that
focus intensely on some objects or situations that
is acutely uncomfortable around it and will often
go to great pain to avoid it.
Types of Phobia
Acrophobia – high places
Agoraphobia – open places
Algophobia – pain
Astraphobia – storms, thunder and lightning
Claustrophobia – closed spaces
Hematophobia – blood
Mysophobia – contamination of germs
Monophobia – being alone
Nyctophobia – darkness
Ocholophobia – crowds
Hydrophobia – water (open waters)
Pathophobia – disease
Pyrohobia – fire
Syphilophobia – syphilis
Zoophobia – animals
Gamaphobia – fear of marriage
Androphobia – fear of men
Gynophobia – fear of women
Cacophobia – fear of ugliness
Venustraphobia – fear of beautiful women
Parthenophobia – fear of virgins or young girls
Philophobia – fear of being Love
(2)Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders
(a) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Vague, uneasy sense of tension and
apprehension sometimes referred to as free-
floating anxiety.
Highly uncomfortable because of its
prolonged presence.
(b) Panic Anxiety Disorder
Long periods of calm are broken by intensely
uncomfortable attack of anxiety w/out
warning.
Often feels like having a heart attack.
(3)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(a)Obsession
Anxiety provoking thoughts that will not go
away.
Occurs on the person’s mind despite attempts
to keep them out.
They seems uncontrollable.
(b)Compulsion
Urge wherein compelled to perform some
actions against free will and with duress as a
result of external factors.
Irresistible urge to engage in behavior.
Somatoform Disorders
“Soma” means body.
Involves a neurotic pattern in which the
individuals complain of bodily symptoms that
suggest the presence of a physical problem but
has no organic basis.
Typically preoccupied with the state of health
and with various presumed disorders/disease of
bodily organs.
Should not be confuse to feign physical illness
(malingering) in order to obtain special
treatment.
Three Distinctive Somatoform Patterns
(1) Somatization Disorder
Intensely and chronically uncomfortable
condition that indirectly creates a high risk of
medical complications.
It takes the form of chronic and recurrent
aches, pains, fever, tiredness and other bodily
illness.
Often expressed in dramatic ways that
increase the probability of sympathy and
special treatment.
(2)Conversion Disorder and Somatoform Pain
Disorder
(a)Conversion Disorders
Individuals experience serious somatic
symptoms such as functional blindness,
deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures,
inability6 to speak or other serious
impairment in the absence of any physical
cause.
Appear generally ineffective and dependent
upon others
(b)Somatoform Pain Disorder
Individual experiences a relatively specific and
chronic pain that has a psychological rather than
physical cause.
Similar to conversion disorders except that
primary symptoms is pain that has no physical
cause.
(3)Dissociative Disorders
Cover a broad category related rare conditions
involving sudden alterations in cognition,
characterized by change in memory, perception
or identity.

(a)Amnesia
Loss of memory that can have either
physical or psychological cause.
Occurs often after a period of intense stress
and involves loss of memory for all part of
the stressful experience itself.
(b)Psychogenic Fugue State
Resembles amnesia in that there is a loss of
memory.
Loss is complete that individuals cannot
remember his/her identity or previous life.
Fugue episode is also typified by a period
of semiconscious “wandering” that may
take the individual across a continent or
around the corner.
(c)Depersonalization
Experiences that the individual feels
become distorted or “unreal” or the
distortions have occurred in one’s
surroundings.
Individual might feel numbness in some
part of their body or that they are a real
robot even though they know that they’re
real person.
Individuals generally know that these
feelings are not accurate.
(d)Multiple Personality
A dissociative disorder in which the
individual shifts abruptly and repeatedly
from one personality to another.
It is like two or more that one person is
inhabiting the same body.
Commonly known as “split personality
disorder”.
Dissociative Disorders
Formerly referred to as character disorders.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines
as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and
behavior that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the culture of the individual who
exhibits it”.
Includes those who begin to develop a
maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood
as a result of family, social and cultural
influences.
People with personality disorder, lack of
flexibility is often encountered in response to
situational events.
Types of Personality Disorders
Paranoid Personality
Characterized by suspiciousness,
hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive self-
importance and argumentativeness.
Have a tendency to blame others for one’s
mistakes and failures and to ascribe evil
motives to others.
Schizoid Personality
Individuals with this disorder neither deserve
nor enjoy close relationship.
They live with a solitary life w/ little interest
in developing friendship.
Exhibit emotional coldness, detachment or
constricted affect.
Sometimes they’re called “Loners”.
Histrionic Personality
Characterized by attempt to be the center of
attention through the use of theatrical and self-
dramatizing behavior.
Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal
relationship are stormy.
Narcissistic Personality
Have a pervasive sense of self-importance.
Preoccupied by fantasies of unlimited success
and power.
Demand excessive admiration and attention.
Lack of empathy and unwilling to recognize or
identify with the needs of others.
Arrogant and haughty
Antisocial Personality
Lifelong history of inability to conform to
social norms.
Irritable and aggressive.
High prevalence of morbid substance abuse
disorders.
Borderline Personality
Instability, drastic mood shifts and behavioral
problems.
Acutely sensitive to real or imagined
abandonment.
Pattern of repeated unstable but intense
interpersonal relationships that alternate
between extreme idealization and devaluation
 They abuse substances/food or be sexually
promiscuous (not sticking on one partner).
Have chronic feelings of emptiness and
inappropriate intense rage reactions that
includes gestures and threats.
Avoidant Personality
Fearful of becoming involved with people
because of criticism and rejection.
Become intensely anxious in such settings and
believe socially inept or inferior to others.
Extreme avoidant behaviors lead to social
phobia
Dependent Personality
Inability to make even daily decisions
without excessive advice and reassurance.
Compulsive Personality
Excessive concern with rules, order
efficiency and work.
Insistence that everyone do things in their
way.
Inability to express warm feelings.
Passive-Aggressive Personality
Overindulged in many things during early
years to extent that person comes to
anticipate that his needs will always met
and gratified.
Affective Disorders
Roughly equivalent to emotion or to mood.
Mood disorders in which extreme and
inappropriate level of mood – extreme elation or
deep depression.
Milder Forms of Affective Disorders
Sadness
Discouragement
Pessimism
Sense of Hopelessness
Severe Affective Disorders
Neurotic Affective Disorders
Disorders of mood in which the person is
seriously incapacitated, but not to extend
that contacts with reality is impaired.
Psychotic Affective Disorders
General disorganization of the individuals’
emotional make-up, sensory and motor
disturbances.
Usually disturbances and deterioration of
intellectual activities.
Have serious deterioration of reality which
interferes with their ability to function
adequately.
 Schizophrenia
Group of psychotic disorders characterized by
gross distortions of reality.
Withdrawal from social interaction and
disorganization.
Fragmentation of perception, thought and
emotion.
One time attributed to a type of “mental
deterioration” beginning early in life.
Dementia Praecox – adopted by German
Psychiatrist Kraepelin to refer to a group of rather
dissimilar conditions that all seemed to have the
feature of mental deterioration beginning early in
life.
Types of Schizophrenia
(1)Simple Schizophrenia
Gradual deterioration of drive, ambition and
ability to function.
Reflected in absence of social relationship or
to work effectively at a job.
(2)Paranoid Schizophrenia
Principality by delusions of persecutions
and/or grandeur.
Hallucinations, usually auditory are the most
of time present.
(3)Hebephrenic Schizophrenia
Manifest severe integration of personality.
Can be observed through inappropriate
giggling and smiling to which untrained
observer may only be childish playfulness.
(4)Catatonic Schizophrenia
Extreme violence.
Excessive motor activity
Grimacing
Talkativeness and unpredictable emotional
outburst.
Paranoia
Cases showing delusions and impaired
contact with reality but without severe
personality disorganization characteristics of
schizophrenia.
Rare clinic and mental hospital population.
Provides a somewhat misleading picture of its
actual occurrence.
Types of Paranoia
Persecutory type
Predominant delusional theme.
One subjected to some kind of malevolent
treatment.
Jealous type
Predominant theme
One sexual partner is being unfaithful.
Erotomanic type
Predominant theme that some other person
of higher status.
Frequently someone of considerable
prominence.
In love with one and wants to start a sexual
liaison.
Somatic type
Unshakeable belief in having some physical
illness or disorder, often esoteric or exotic in
nature.
Grandiose type
A person of extraordinary status, power, ability,
talent, beauty and the like or that one has a
special relationship with someone having such
attributes, usually someone celebrity status.
Mixed type
Combination of the above but there is no single
theme which predominates.
Sequence of Events in Paranoid Mode Thinking
Suspicious
Individual mistrust the motives of others,
fears that will be taken advantage of.
Constantly on the alert.
Protective Thinking
Selectively perceives the actions of others to
confirm suspicions.
Blames others for own failures.
Hostility
Responds to alleged injustices and
mistreatment with anger and hostility
becomes increasingly suspicious.
Paranoid Illumination
Moment when everything “falls into place”.
Individual finally understand the strange feelings
and events being experienced.
Delusions
Influence and persecution that may be based on
“some grain of truth”.
Presented in a very logical and convincing way.
Later development of delusions of grandeur.
Diagnostic Categories of Mentally-Disturbed
Persons
(1)Anti-Social personality
Mentally disturbed person who is opposed to
the principles upon which society is based.
A person with an anti-social personality is
also known as a sociopath or psychopath
Characteristics:
Sociopath – lacks of any sense of social or
moral responsibility due to mental illness.
Psychopath – having personality disorders
characterized by anti-social behavior,
indifference to immorality and abnormal
changes in mood or activity.
Types of Psychopath
Primary Psychopath – engages in antisocial
behavior as a result of a genetic or biological
predisposition directed by the particular
psychodynamics forces that occur in infancy.
Forms no human attachments as a result of
early development obstruction, and thus
capable of harming others with little or no
anxiety.
Secondary Sociopath – antisocial behavior is the
result of strictly environmental forces that occur
in development stages beyond infancy.
Forms human attachments, possibly to
deviant groups or possibly not.
Psychopathy and Gender
Antisocial personality disorder, and crime are
overwhelmingly male phenomena.
Characteristics of Psychopathy
Classic manipulator or con artist.
Absence of conscience or any guilt feelings.
Not incorporated the moral values of society
into his life.
Often a glib and convincing speaker and
presents himself extremely well.
Selfish and strives for physical pleasure.
Most of his pursuits revolves around
manipulating people to acquire personal
gains.
Often impulsive and demands immediate
satisfaction.
Unable to learn from past experience.
Chronic liar.
(2)Paranoid-Schizophrenia
Mental disease resembling paranoia.
Also characterized by autistic behavior.
Hallucinations and gradual deterioration of the
personality.
Characteristics:
Disturbed to a degree such that he is out of
touch of reality, suffering from psychosis,
mentally deranged or insane.
2 primary symptoms, i.e., hallucinations and
delusions.
Hallucinations – involves hearing or
seeing things that are not really there.
 Delusions – involve false system of beliefs that
persist despite evidence to the contrary.
(3)Inadequate Personality
Person who does not fit a particular purpose.
Characteristics:
Shows ineffective and inept responses to
social, emotional and physical stresses
throughout of his life.
School dropout, succession of jobs and
having fired from each one because of poor
performance.
See himself as a loser or someone who always
fails.
Taking hostages may be a last attempt to prove
that he can succeed.
Hostage taking may invite attention from
authority figures and the media, and could be
high point of his life.
Will try to show that he can really do something.
Usually has clear, but immature thought
patterns, can understand the consequences of
his actions, and can be negotiated with
successfully.
(4)Manic-Depressive
Characterized by alternating accounts of mania
and depression.
Mania is a kind of insanity characterized by great
excitement by prolonged feelings of despair and
rejection, often accompanied by fatigue,
headaches and other physical symptoms.
Characteristics:
Usually depressed, and out of touch of reality,
suffering from psychosis, mentally deranged
or insane.
Considered oneself unworthy to live, feels
guilty for past sins and often has delusional
beliefs.
Believe that he is responsible for all the sufferings in
the world and his current depression is his
punishment for living in a sinful life.
Potential foe suicide is extremely high as IS the
potential for killing hostages.
Takes hostages who are members of his own family
or persons known to him.
Person’s speech and movements may extremely
slow. May take 15 to 30 seconds or longer to answer a
question.
Speaks about his unworthiness, his sinfulness or his
feelings of guilt.
Influence of Media on Criminal Behavior
Copycat Crime
Crime inspired by another crime that has
been publicized in the news media or
fictionally or artistically represented in which
the offender incorporates aspects of the
original offense.
Must have been inspired by an earlier,
publicized crime-that is.
There must be pair of crimes linked by the
media.
Imitated crimes have occurred after intense
media coverage of workplace, violence,
product tampering, hate crimes, mass murder,
etc.
 Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham H. Maslow - creator of the hierarchy of
human needs.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1. Survival Needs- most basic of all human needs is to
sustain life.
• Foods
• Water
• Air
• Sleep
• Sex
• Shelter
2. Security Needs- comes once basic survival needs have been
met.
• Safety
• Order
• Stability

3. Social Needs- once physiological and security needs have

been satisfied, social needs emerge as a very important
source of motivation.
• Companionship
• Basic needs
• Belongingness
• Lower Order Needs
• Love
• Norms
4. Ego Esteem Needs- sense of worth
• Respect
• Self-respect

5. Self- Actualization Needs- higher order

needs
• Need to grow
• To be creative
• Fulfill one’s potential
 Clayton Alderfer’s E.R.G. Hierarchical model
1. Existence needs
•Includes all of the drives, desires and wants related to a
person’s physiological and material well being.
2. Relatedness needs
•Involve the natural sociability of human animals as they
search for meaningful and mutually satisfying relationship
with significant other’s individually or in group.
3. Growth needs
•Needs directly related to the psychosocial processes that
produce a sense of self-esteem or personal worth and self-
actualization or personal fulfillment.
Basic Human Needs by David Mc Clleland
1. Need for achievement
•Relates to person’s desire to be competent, to solve
problems, to accomplish complex tasks, and to make a
meaningful contribution to an organization.
2. Need for Affiliation
•Human needs for interpersonal contact and group
affiliation (nAff) is insatiable. It reflected in a person’s
desire to establish and maintain meaningful social
relationships with significant others.
3. Need for Power
•People strive to acquire power (nPower) in order to
influence or control the behavior of others.
Deviant Sexual Behavior and Criminality
•Does not clearly indicate mental illness, all
sexually deviant behavior should not be
considered criminal.
Sexual Deviancy
•Sexual act that seeks gratification by means
other than heterosexual relationship.
Heterosexuality or sexuality
•Is the only normal sexual relationship between
members of the opposite sex which could lead
to reproduction.
Varieties of Deviant Sexual
Behavior
Homosexuality- refers to sexual relationship
between members of the same sex.

Fetishism- derives sexual gratification and

excitement by substituting an inanimate object
or part of the body for human love object.

Transvestisism – derive sexual excitement and

gratification from, at times, wearing clothes and
enacting the role of the opposite.
Sadism- sadist obtains sexual gratification by
inflicting pain upon the sexual partner.

Masochism- masochist achieves sexual

gratification by enduring pain upon
themselves.

Exhibitionism- exhibitionist attains sexual

gratification by impulsively exposing some
private parts of his body or his entire nude
body.
•Voyeurism- voyeur achieves sexual
gratification by watching a nude man or woman
in some form of the sexual act. Otherwise
known as the” peeping tom”.
•Incest- practice of sexual intercourse between
closely related persons of the opposite sex
whose marriage is prohibited by law.
•Pedophilia- like incest, the choice of the love
object inappropriate. Most commonly as the
“pedophile or child molester”.
•Bestislity – attainment of sexual
gratification from intercourse with a living
animal which includes the practice of
sodomy.
•Necrophilia- is the desire to engage in
sexual intercourse with a dead body. Such
abnormal sex act is an indication of
serious mental illness.
Crisis Management
Crisis Management
•An event that involves individuals,
usually alone who have reached a
weakened mental state that a person
may seem to have lost the ability to cope
up with a situation through what one
would consider normal methods, such as
discussion or negotiation.
Some Basic Guidelines In
Crisis Management
Assess the situation- immediately upon
arrival at the crime scene situation,
attempt to identify the cause of the crisis
and what to do to defuse the hostilities
nor high emotionalism.

Take immediate corrective action-

separate the involve parties, if there are
any isolate them sufficiently that they
cannot see or hear each other.
Listen and Observe- make
deliberate effort to see exactly what is
happening.

Employ crisis diffusion

techniques- ability of the officer to
convince the person, whether
hostage-taker to have his hostage/s
released.
Consideration in employing crisis diffusion
technique
•Keep your voice at a low volume and speak slowly.
•Nonverbal communications should indicate openness
and willingness to listen.
•Make eye contact with the person you are addressing.
•Touching the person you are talking with may help to
keep the lines of communication open.
•Attempt a compromise.

•Follow-up – make follow-up on the situation even it has

been diffused, stiil the problem has to be solved.
10 Guidelines To Follow In
Crisis Management
Assess the situation in many perspective
•What is exactly happening?
•Why it is happening?
•What is likely to happen unless something is done
about it?
•How quickly you have to act in order to prevent
further damage.
•Who else is involved?
•Who is likely to involved?
•What are the resources have you got with regard
to people, equipments, back-up from your own
department?
Prepare preliminary plan of action and other contingency plans
that could deal with any future problems and can deal with
environment.
A crisis management plan has to be organized to deal with the
situation.
A crisis management center has to be put up to serve as the main
working place.
Communication center should likewise be installed where all
matters pertaining the crisis problem will be monitored by
everybody concerned.
Should be established where matters of greater importance
should be tackled and solved first, with the lesser importance to be
set aside for a later date.
Detailed plans should be arranged based
on the following time frame which should
include:
• Time scales based on act now or later
• Setting aside a “cooling-off period”
• Preparation of long-term solutions to be
implemented at the opportune time
• A ready contingency plan to deal with any
eventualities.
Matters that can be dealt with later or can
be classified as non-crisis category and
relegated to other offices should be
classified items of “black burner’.

Continuous monitoring is necessary to

insure up to date information.

All matters pertaining to developments of

the crisis should be properly evaluated.
Qualities of a Good Crisis
Manager
•Presence of mind
•Decisiveness
•Quickly act and deciding
•Cool
•Act calmly
Note: it is very important that they do not over react
at times, deliberately slow down the pace of activities,
if only to show that everything is under control and
going according to plan.
Sequential Steps in Decision-
Making
•Define the situation
•Specify objectives
•Develop hypotheses
•Gather the facts
•Analyze the facts
•Consider possible courses of action
•Evaluate possible courses of action
•Decision and implementation
Terrorism
•Means different things to different people, dependent upon
individual or group perspective.
•Violence for effect...not primarily and sometimes not at all
for the physical effect on the actual target, but rather for its
dramatic impact on an audience.
•Violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the
community or a substantial segment of it, for political
purposes.
•Almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political
purposes by clandestine groups.
•Any act of this is intimidation.
3 types of Terrorist
 •National terrorist
•Usually political.
•Terrorist who operates and aspires to
political power primarily within a single
nation,..
Example: the Abu Sayaff Group
 •Transnational Terrorist

•Terrorist who operates across national

borders/boundery, whose action and
political aspirations may affect
individuals of more than one
nationality.

Example: Al Qaeda
 •International terrorist
•Terrorist who controlled by, and whose
actions represents the national interest of
a sovereign state.
•Country to country

Example: Abu Nidal operating as an arm

first in Libya and then Syria.
Note: not all international terrorist acts are carried
out by terrorist from originating states. There is
often a “Drifting” whereby the contract jobs are
undertaken
Factors that may influenced
the modern terrorism:
•The Media- cover the situation
•Communications- operating in any part
of the world quickly, efficiently and with
relative ease.
•Potential for Superviolence- abilities of
terrorist greatly enhance with the advent
of Surface to Air and Surface to Surface
Missiles, Laser Devices and Chemical,
Biological and Nuclear weapon.
Motivation and Group
Classification
 1.Minority Nationalistic Group
•Group fighting the majority of the
community where the support base will
depend on ethnic, religious, linguistic
minorities at odds with the majority
community.
 2. Marxist Revolutionary
Groups

•characterized by possession of a
coherent Marxist Ideology ( of any
Persuasion) and a long term
strategy for bringing a Socialistic
revolution.
 3. Anarchist Group
•True anarchists are difficult to
find since true Anarchy bring
lawlessness and disorder, which is
not a natural state in which the
human race exist.
 4. Pathological Group

Pathological violence appears to be

a phenomenon of individual whose
motivation normally has more to do
with personal inadequacy, hatred of
family or specifically identified
persons or things than with acquired
ideology.
5.Neo-Fascist and Extreme right-wing Group
•Appearing to counter the activities of the
United States and may pose a more serious
threat to security forces that more
traditional terrorist group.
•These group is increasingly rising within
Europe and United State.
 6. Ideological Mercenaries
•Western societies are now experiencing
a new form of terrorism from men and
women who for sake of shared ideology
and a common faith in worldwide
revolution (rather than money) are
ready cross frontiers to pursue their
causes.
Completely Generic Profile
of a Terrorist
•Under 30 years of age
•Action oriented
•Some college education
•From affluent/middle class
•Often trained in medical, legal, engineering, teaching
profession
•Terrorism rarely full-time occupation
•Inward insurance of strength
•Paradoxically, basically lonely
•Believes he/she to be more superior in own mind is right
•Indifferent to suffering of his immediate victims
•Willing to sacrifice
•Seeks publicity
•Believes violence is morally justified to support causes
Note: this profile is most appropriate
for International/Transnational
Terrorist.
 Common Strategies
•The common strategy of the terrorist is to
commit acts of violence which will draw the
attention of the people, the government, the
world, to his/her plight or the groups they
represents.
•Terrorist actually demand or tactically
makes demands upon the government,
which in turns must react in some way to
both the terrorist, the target and the victim.
 Common Tactics
•Bombing
•Bomb is the most popular weapon because it is
cheap to produce, easy to makes, has variable
uses and is difficult to detect and trace after the
event.
IED’s Improvised Explosive Devices
•Commonly used by many law enforcement
agencies as well as military forces around the
word.
Classification of Improvised
Explosive Devices
 Delivery- getting the bomb to its objective

Vehicle Bombs- filled with explosives which may be

booby-trapped or remotely detonated.

Laid Charge- devices put into place by the terrorist

hands

Projected bombs- bombs thrown by hand or some

type projection device such as Mortar.

Postal bombs- devices sent through the malls as

letters or packages.
 •Activation

•Command Activation- done by radio signals, electric

leads, pull wires or stickers to name a few.

•Target action-can activated by target tripping a wire,

stepping on a pressure device, turning on a light, etc.

•Time delay- activators are clock mechanisms, burning

fuses, chemical delays, atmospheric pressure.
Usage
 2 broad categories of usage

Tactical IED’s – normally regarded as being those

use against an individual and can nail bombs,
claymore devices, culvert bombs in fact any IED
can categorized as tactical IED.

Strategic IED’s – considered to be used

indiscriminating to gain world attention.
Example: in crowded airports, shopping
malls/centers, and aircrafts
 Bombs designed to strike at society,
government and system.
Hoaxes- often use to establish credibility, to show
that she/he means a business.

Arson- not popular tactic among terrorist, but

used to destroy and disrupt such targets as
utilities, political headquarters and more
commonly.

Hijacking- hijacking of vehicles carrying of goods

are favorite tactic of the Tupemaros.
Skyjacking- very much event in the 1969’s and
early 1970’s
Bombs designed to strike at society,
government and system
Kidnapping- kidnap for ransom accounts for
about 8% of the terrorist incidents during the
recent past and must still be viewed as a serious
option open a terrorist group.

Hostage Taking – hostage taker demands often

more than material in nature.

Hostage – tangible asset to the terrorist who

finds he has something to bargain with enforcer.
 Examining the cost effectiveness

 87% probability of seizing target

 79% chance that all members of terrorist team will
escape
 40% chance that all, or some of the demands would be
met
 29% chance of full compliance with all demands
 83% chance of success where safe passage or exit for
terrorist
 67% chance that if concessions to principal demands
were rejected
 100% probability of gaining major publicity
Bombs designed to strike at society,
government and system
Assassination- oldest of all terrorist tactics
in the book, and still widely used today.

Ambush- well-planned ambushes seldom

fail. Uses of diversions and lay-offs teams.
Components of an Organized Terrorist Group

Hardcore leadership- a policy ,lay plans

and give direction.

Active cadre- newly recruited members

Active supporter- provide the logistic

support, like safe houses, weapons,
ammunitions, vehicles, medical support,
food, money etc.
 Componentsof an Organized Terrorist Group

Passive supporter- people sympathetically

to the cause but those who often will not
stand up on and be counted through the
fear of becoming involved. Support
unwittingly in the form of cash, through
donations.

Leaders- one who is responsible in making

policy.
4 Ways in Selecting Potential Victims

Random- where the victims are chosen

more by their location than any political
views.

Focused Random- where the victim is

chosen only because of the societal group to
which he belongs.

Example: Military Personnel

4 Ways in Selecting Potential Victims

Assassinations- focused murder of a

specific individual because of his
employment, economic or political
views.

Dynastic Assassination- focused

murder of heads of government and or
their family members
Crisis Management And
Hostage Taking Situation
 Hostage situation

set of circumstances wherein a

suspected law violator is holding a
person captive by the use of force,
violence, or the threat of violence and
the police are in close confrontation
with the suspect and his captive.
3 Types of Person who takes
Hostages
 Common Criminal
“frightened man on a binge” will
generally concede to police
negotiations if there is no way out.
Hostage will generally be unharmed.
 The Psycho
this person is much more
unpredictable and may resort to
violence on a hair trigger,
depending upon his mood. Much
greater danger to the safety of the
hostages.
 The Fanatic
one who falls on the extreme
side of the violence. Most
dangerous as the law, in his
mind, has no basis of legality.
Negotiation- means “talk”.
5 Distinct Categories of Hostage takers

Persons in crisis ( Mentally derange), (mentally

disturbed)

Psychotics

Criminals

Prisoners

Political terrorist
Paranoid Schizophrenic- thinking is
4DiagnosticCategoriesOfMentalyDisturbedHostageTakers

disturbed to the degree that he is out of touch

with reality, suffering from psychosis (mentally
derange or insane).

Manic Depressive

Anti-social or Psychopathic personality

Inadequate personality
 2 symptoms of Paranoid
Schizophrenic
Hallucinations- hearing things or
seeing that are not really there.

Delusions- false system of belief that

persist despite evidence to the contrary.
 2 kinds of Delusion

Delusion of Grandeur- results when the

person believing he has special qualities,
abilities, or special mission in life.

Delusion of persecution- results in the

person believing he is being persecuted
because he has a special mission or is God’s
select person.
 3 Common demands of criminals

Escape

Money

Transportation from the scene.

These are the easiest to negotiate
with:
Fears police assault/punishment

Usually a rational thinker

Familiar with police tactics

Ultimately desires to surrender injured and

saving face
 Hostage Negotiation
General tendency of the hostage taker is to
hostage a prominent personality in order to
gain needed leverage in the negotiation. The
important in this situation is improved
communication and an efficiency of the
police in responding to the call of
emergency.
 Priorities in Hostage Situation
 Preservation of life

 Arrest of the hostage-taker, recover and protect

property

 Successfully negotiate
Upon arrival at the scene negotiator
should immediately on the following:
 Containment- control of area and people.
 Establish contact- talk with the leader of the hostage
taking situation.
 Time Lengthening- give more time to the police to
organize and coordinate plan of action.
 Telephone negotiation technique- be the caller, plan
and prepare and be ready with what is to be negotiated.
 On a face to face negotiation- observe the rules, do
not be over anxious, prepare for a psychological,
physical and emotional confrontation.
 On Surrender Approach
Start with positive approach and act as if
the hostage-taker will surrender. Do not talk
too much, instead talk detail of surrender
process, and explain why, it is better to
surrender now than later.
 What is Negotiable?
 Money

 Food

 Drinks

 Transportation

 Swapping of prisoner
 Non Negotiable
 Weapons

Ammunitions
 Cardinal Role in Negotiation
Commander should nor negotiate, negotiator should not
command.
Reasons:
 hostage taker will have sense of importance

 make impossible demands, knowing that he is

dealing with commander

 conflict might arise being a negotiator and

commander at the same time and will have no
more fall back.
Behavior Guidelines During Negotiation
 be the caller
 use civilian clothes
Use protective armor
Do not ask for demands
Give room to negotiate
Be calm and relax
Talk to hostage taker leader only
Elicit a promise
Make sure you have a good cover
 conserve concession
 On Life and death Negotiation
 keep in the mind that if there is one hostage-taker
only, show of force is unnecessary
 Speak firmly but not threatening manner
 Do not be over friendly.
 Hostage taker should not be driven to desperation.
Show some compassion, give hope, security and other
encouraging words of enlightment.
 Thank You and God Bless!!

Prepared by:
BERNADETH PALOMERA DE GUZMAN
MPA