Chapter One

Introduction to Mobile App Development

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 Chapter one
Overview of mobile App Developmet
Introduction
Mobile Technology
Mobile Operating Systems
Taxonomy for Mobile Handsets
Survey of Mobile Device
Application of Mobile App Development
Challenge of Mobile App Development
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1.1 Introduction
Mobile programming Vs Internet Programming
Mobile programming

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 1.2 Mobile Technologies

Mobile is a word taken from the Latin mobilis

 “to move ”
 “ able to move freely or easily”
 “able or willing to move freely or easily between occupations, places of
residence and social classes”
Mobile Device
Mobile, wireless or cellular phone:-
is a portable, handheld communications device connected to a wireless
network that allows users to make voice calls, send text messages and run
applications.
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It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided
by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public
telephone network.
In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also
support a wide variety of other services such as text
messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range
wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business
applications, gaming and photography.
 Mobile phones that offer these and more general
computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones
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why mobile?
one handed use
rich (sensors, usage)
small!
truly ubiquitous(ever-present)

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WHO INVENTED THE CELL PHONE?
The person responsible for inventing
the cell phone is Doctor Martin
Cooper.
He invented the technology for
the cell phone when he was the
Director of Research and
Development at Motorola

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HOW DID THE CELL PHONE BECOME A “CELL” PHONE?
It started of with engineers, in the
late 40’s, proposing ideas to use
hexagonal cells for mobile phones
in vehicles.
The only problem was at this stage
technology to implement the ideas
did not exist.

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QUICK FACTS ABOUT THE FIRST CELL PHONE
The first DynaTec phone weighted about 5 pounds
DynaTec phone took batteries
The battery life would last for 20 minutes long
Nicknamed the BRICK
It cost 4,000 US dollars to own a cell phone

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Mobile Technology
is the technology used for cellular communication.
Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile device has gone
from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a mobile
phone,
GPS navigation device,
an embedded web browser and instant messaging client,
and a handheld game console and other activities.
Many experts argue that the future of computer technology rests
in mobile computing with wireless networking.
Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are becoming more
popular
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Mobile technologies mainly Varies on:
1. Networking it supports
2G, 3G, 4G, & 5G
2. Operating System
Symbian
Android
BADA
Windows
Firefox,
ios, …
3. Memory Capacity
4. Multimedia support, etc
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1.3 Mobile Operating System
 A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is the Operating
System that operates a smartphone, tablet, PDA, or other digital mobile
device.
Modern mobile operating systems combine the features of a personal
computer operating system with other features, including :
 Touchscreen
 cellular
 Bluetooth
 Wi-Fi
 GPS mobile navigation
 camera
 video camera
 speech recognition
 voice recorder
 Music player
 Infrared Blaster.
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1.2.1 Common software platforms
The top eight (8) most common mobile operating
systems from the latest are as follows[2022]:
Android
Windows OS
Apple iOS
Blackberry OS
Series 40 [S40] OS
Bada (Samsung Electronics)
Symbian OS (Nokia)
MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel)

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Android
Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily
for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet
computers
The first Android-powered phone was sold in October 2008.
Android is open source and Google releases the code under
the Apache License.
open-source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers,
wireless carriers and enthusiast developers.
Android has a large community of developers writing
applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of devices,
written primarily in a customized version of the Java
programming language.
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…cont
 has additional applications on televisions, games
consoles, digital cameras and other electronics
In July 2013 there were 11,868 different models of
Android device, scores of screen sizes and eight OS
versions simultaneously in use.
As of May 2013, 48 billion apps have been installed
from the Google Play store.
September 3, 2013, there have been 1 billion Android
devices activated
march, 2022, there are 2.6 million Android apps on
google play store.

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Windows OS - Microsoft Corporation

Windows is Microsoft's newest operating system.

Design not only for PCs, Windows is also for Tablets and Smartphones
Thousands of apps can be downloaded at their store.
The new OS from Microsoft has its unique metro style UI

3/21/2015 16
Apple iOS
Apple iOS is from Apple Inc.
 It is closed source and proprietary and built on open
source Darwin core OS.
 The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad and second-
generation Apple TV all use an operating system called
iOS, which is derived from Mac OS X.
Native third party applications were not officially
supported until the release of iOS 2.0 on July 11, 2008.
Currently all iOS devices are developed by Apple and
manufactured by Foxconn or another of Apple's
partners

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Blackberry OS(RIM)
BlackBerry OS is from BlackBerry.
 It is closed source and proprietary.
 This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally
designed for business.
 Recently it has seen a surge in third-party applications
and has been improved to offer full multimedia support.
Currently Blackberry's App World has over 50,000
downloadable applications.
 Blackberry's future strategy will focus on the newly
acquired QNX, having already launched the BlackBerry
PlayBook tablet running a version of QNX and
expecting the first QNX smartphones in early 2012

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 Symbian OS
Symbian OS is from Nokia and Accenture.
 It uses an open public license.
 Symbian has the largest smartphone share in most markets worldwide, but lags
behind other companies in the relatively small but highly visible North American
market.
It has been used by many major handset manufacturers, including BenQ, Fujitsu,
LG, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp and Sony Ericsson.
Current Symbian-based devices are being made by Fujitsu, Nokia, Samsung,
Sharp and Sony Ericsson.
Recently, though shipments of Symbian devices have increased, the operating
system's worldwide market share has declined from over 50% to just over 40%
from 2009 to 2010.

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 Badas OS
Samsung bada is a smartphone platform, which is created for wide range of
device, unveiled in 2010.
 "Bada" is a Korean word that means "ocean" and "seashore".
"bada" in itself embodies the open possibilities of the ocean: it can
accommodate the various applications created by developers and it provides
an interesting new space that offers unprecedented enjoyment to its users.
 Bada is a new blue ocean of mobile applications for developers, and
customers will have a wider choice of smartphones with cost-effective yet
powerful bada-powered phones

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1.4 Taxonomy for Mobile Handsets
1. Programming Features:- characterize the programming
capabilities of a mobile handset. Studying these capabilities allows
us to determine the programmability of cell phone platforms and
how usable and accessible these are to developers.
 Memory:-This feature characterizes whether the mobile handset
has internal or external memory, as well as its size
Operating System and Software Platforms:- In terms of the
Operating System, we have divided the mobile handsets into
proprietary and open source software.

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2. Service Features :- Explore the hardware and multimedia
characteristics present on mobile handsets that might have an impact
on the type and the quality of the service or application.
Type and Resolution of Screen
Battery Life
Music Player
Camera
GPS
Location

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3. Connectivity Features:- The connectivity features provide an
understanding of the types of connectivity with the outside world
offered by mobile handsets.
Type of Network
EMS
MMS
Bluetooth
Mobile Web and Wi-Fi
4. Economic Features:- is a unique indicator to model the economic
features of mobile handsets: the price.

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1.5 Survey of Mobile Devices
The first hand-held mobile phone was demonstrated by John F.
Mitchell and Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973.
 In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially
available.
The first smartphone was developed by IBM and BellSouth, which
came out to the public in 1993.
“Simon” had a touch screen that was capable of accessing email and
sending faxes.
From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew from
12.4 million to over 6 billion, penetrating about 87% of the global
population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.
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….Continued
Mobile devices and apps are becoming ubiquitous to both personal
and professional lives, allowing for near anytime access to critical
information.
It’s no wonder that adoption of Smartphone's and tablets, which offer
Internet connectivity and densely populated application ecosystems
for add-on features, is growing at a torrid pace.
According to Gartner, “Of the 1.875 billion mobile phones to be sold in
2013, 1 billion units was smartphones, compared with 675 million units
in 2012.”

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Smartphone History
January 2007
Steve Jobs, chief executive of Apple, unveils the iPhone, which he says
is "a revolutionary and magical product that is literally five years ahead
of any other mobile phone".
 Microsoft chief executive Steve Ballmer calls it "the most expensive
phone in the world".
April 2007
 Technology research company Gartner says that in the first three
months of 2007 Microsoft's Windows Mobile had an 18% share of the
smartphone market (then totalling 17m handsets).

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…continue
November 2007
Google announces it will offer the Android mobile operating system for free.
Anyone can use it and change it.
By default it uses Google services for search, email and video.
Microsoft's Ballmer says "We'll have to see what Google does. Right now
they have a press release, we have many, many millions of customers,
great software, many hardware devices, and they're welcome in our world!“
October 2008
Apple announces it sold 4.7m iPhones in the summer quarter, giving it
nearly 13% of the smartphone market.
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November 2008
First Android phone, the G1, launches. It has a slide-out keyboard and limited touchscreen
capability.
December 2008
Microsoft decides to kill off Windows Mobile because it can't compete with the iPhone and
Android, and develop Windows Phone – a completely new mobile operating system.
Autumn 2009
RIM has a 20% share of the smartphone market from July-September, says Gartner. Second only
to Nokia's Symbian, which has 44%.
January 2010
Apple launches the iPad, a 10in tablet.
February 2010
Android phones with full touchscreen interaction like the iPhone's appear.
April 2010
Google's Android gained just under 10% of the market in the first three months of 2010, says
Gartner
September 2010
Samsung launches Galaxy Tab, a 7in tablet. 28
January 2011
Researchers Gartner and IDC announce that smartphones outsold PCs
worldwide in the last three months of 2010 – 100m as against 93m
April 2011
Apple becomes the largest smartphone vendor by numbers and revenue,
selling 18.6m iPhones, just ahead of Samsung's 17.5m, in the year's first
quarter.
Android becomes the best-selling smartphone platform, with a 36.6% share,
ahead of Symbian's 27%.
Apple sues Samsung in the US over the appearance of the Galaxy Tab tablet,
and follows it up with a string of legal cases around the world claiming
infringement of patents and "trade dress".
July 2011
Android takes 43% of the smartphone market in the second quarter of the
year, says Gartner.
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November 2011
Android had more than 50% of the smartphone market in the third
quarter of 2011, says Gartner.
January 2012
Microsoft gets LG to pay undisclosed per-handset royalties. Microsoft
says it now has such agreements for 70% of Android handsets sold in
the US.

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1.6 Application of Mobile Computing
The question that always arises when a business is thinking of buying a
mobile computer is “Will it be worth it?”
The importance of Mobile Computers has been highlighted in many fields :
 Emergency Services
 In companies
 Stock Information Collation/Control
 Taxi/Truck Dispatch
 Electronic Mail/Paging
 Location and Map
 Smart city
 In health
 In Agriculture
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1.7 CHALLENGES OF MOBILE COMPUTING
 Challenges in mobile computing can be categorized into three major areas as:
1) Wireless Communication
2) Mobility
3) Portability
1) Wireless Communication
 Generally wireless computers have fewer resources relative to stationary (wired)
computers, this is because wireless computers are required to be smaller,
lighter and consume less power than stationary computers.
 Wireless communication is more difficult to implement than wired
communication because of the interaction of the surrounding environment with
the message signal.
 Problems caused by the environment include blocked signal paths, echoes and
noise.
 Hence wireless connections are more error prone, have much lower bandwidths,
and have frequent spurious disconnections when compared to wired connections 33
…continued
These factors can increase communication latencies due to error control
checks, retransmissions, time-out delays and brief disconnections.
a) Low Bandwidth and Bandwidth Variability
Maintain multiple cells at different frequencies.
 Limiting transmission ranges so that more cells can fit in a given area.
b) Security Risk :Possible attacks can be categorized as follows:
Masquerading: when a user is deceiving about its real identity.
Masquerading may lead to impersonation.
Unauthorized use of resources: when a user is accessing a network
component without have being authorized. This situation may lead to theft
or improper use of communication resources.
Interception: The opponent gains access to the data transmitted over the
communication link.

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…continued
Fabrication: The opponent inserts information into the
communication link. A special type of this attack is replay of old
messages in order to mislead the communicating parties.
Repudiation of actions: This is a threat against accountability.
 A repudiation attack may occur where by the sender (receiver) of a
message denies having sent (received) it.
Denial of service/Interruption: The attacker prevents the easy
transmission of information.

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…continued
These Security issues can be solved by:
Identification and Authentication: Authentication information and
mechanisms that involve trusted third parties (passwords,
cryptographic techniques, challenge-response techniques).
Access control and Authorization: Access control information,
access control rules, delegation.
Information confidentiality: Confidentiality mechanisms
(encryption) and attributes (secret keys, public and private keys).
Information integrity: Integrity mechanisms that provide
generation and verification of integrity hacks.
Non-repudiation: (e.g. through digital signatures).
Auditing and Accountability.
Availability and Prevention of Denial of Service.
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…continued
2) Mobility: The ability to change location while connected to the
network increases the volatility of some information. Certain data
considered static for stationary computing becomes dynamic for
mobile computing. Mobility introduces several problems:
a) Address Migration
b) Location dependent Information:
3) Portability: designers of hand-held mobile computers should strive
for the properties of a wrist watch: small, light, durable,
operational under wide environmental conditions and requiring
minimal power usage for long battery life.
Some design pressures caused by the portability constraints are as
follows:
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…continued
a) Low Power : power can be saved by :
Reducing the capacitance by greater extent of VLSI design,
 Reducing the voltage at the time of chip design and
 Reducing the clock frequency so that trading the computational
speed for power saving.
b) Risks to Data : Making computers portable increases the risk of
physical damage, unauthorized access, loss and theft.
c) Small User Interface :
d) Small Storage Capacity
e) Risks to transactions

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