Role of WTO

in
building new nations post colonialization
 Team – 4
Leader- Marva
Members:
Mia
Class- 10 Milan
Sec – K Mehna
Megha
Navamika
Naymah
Nader
 • Introduction
• Beginning of WTO
• Location Of WTO Headquarters
• Why WTO ?
• Relevance of WTO
CONTENTS: • Functions of WTO
• Principles of WTO
• TRIMs and TRIPs of WTO
• The agreements
• Role of WTO in new nations post-
colonialization
• Recent issues related to WTO
• conclusion
 OBJECTIVES
1. Establishing and Enforcing Rules for International Trade The international trading rules by the
World Trade Organisation are established under three separate agreements – rules relating to
the international trade in goods; the agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). The
enforcement of rules by the WTO takes place by way of a multilateral system of disputes
settlement in the instances of violation of trade rules by member countries. The members are
obligated under ratified agreements to honor and abide by the procedures and judgments.
2. Acting As A Global Apex Forum World Trade organization is the global forum for monitoring
and negotiating further trade liberalization. The premise of trade liberalization measures
undertaken by WTO is based on the benefits of member countries to optimally utilize the
position of comparative advantage due to a free and fair trade regime.
3. Resolution Of Trade Disputes Trade disputes, before the WTO, usually arise out of deviation
from agreements between member countries. The resolution of such trade disputes does not
take place unilaterally but through a multilateral system involving set rules and procedures
before the dispute settlement body.
4. Increasing Transparency in The Decision-Making Process The World Trade Organisation
attempts to increase transparency in the decision-making process by way of more
participation in the decision-making and consensus rule, in particular. The combined effect of
such measures helps to develop institutional transparency.
5. Collaboration Between International Economic Institutions The global economic institutions
include the World Trade Organisation, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development, and the World Bank.
INTRODUCTION
The WTO
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is
the only global international organization
dealing with the rules of trade between
nations. At its heart are the WTO
agreements, negotiated and signed by
the bulk of the world’s trading nations and
ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to
ensure that trade flows as smoothly,
predictably and freely as possible.
Beginning Of WTO
The WTO precursor General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established
by a multilateral treaty of 23 countries in
1947 after World War II in the wake of
other new multilateral institutions
dedicated to international economic
cooperation—such as the World
Bank (founded 1944) and the International
Monetary Fund (founded 1944 or 1945). A
comparable international institution for
trade, named the International Trade
Organization never started as the U.S. and
other signatories did not ratify the
establishment treaty, and so GATT slowly
became a de facto international
organization.
• Geneva, Switzerland, where the WTO headquarters is
located, is a unique place, with many United Nations and
other international organizations, as well as missions to
the WTO. The Centre William Rappard (CWR) is the
name of the building that has been home to the WTO
Secretariat since the WTO was established in 1995.
WHY WTO?
• The overall objective of the WTO is to help its members use trade as a means to raise living standards, create
jobs and improves people's lives.
• The WTO operates the global system of trade rules and helps developing economies build their trade capacity.
• Global rules of trade provide assurance and stability. Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure
supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services they use.
• Decisions in the WTO are typically taken by consensus among all members and they are ratified by members’
parliaments. Trade frictions are channelled into the WTO’s dispute settlement process, where the focus is on
interpreting agreements and commitments and how to ensure that members’ trade policies conform with
them. That way, the risk of disputes into conflict is reduced.
• By lowering trade barriers through negotiations among member governments, the WTO’s system also breaks
down other barriers between peoples and trading economies.
• These agreements are the legal foundations for global trade. Essentially, they are contracts, guaranteeing
WTO members important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies transparent
and predictable which is to everybody’s benefit.
• The agreements provide a stable and transparent framework to help producers of goods and services,
exporters and importers conduct their business.
Relevance of WTO

THE OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF THE WTO IS TO

HELP ITS MEMBERS USE TRADE AS A MEANS TO THE SYSTEM ALLOWS A SYSTEM OSSEO ON TIES FREER TRADE CUTS THE
RAISE LIVING STANDARDS, CREATE JOBS AND DISPUTES TO BE HANDLED ONE MAN POWER MAKES COST OF LIVING.
IMPROVES PEOPLE'S LIVES. THE WTO OPERATES CONSTRUCTIVELY. TIRE EASIER FOR ALL.
THE GLOBAL SYSTEM OF TRADE RULES AND
HELPS DEVELOPING ECONOMIES BUILD THEIR
TRADE CAPACITY. THE SYSTEM HELPS PROMOTE
PEACE.

IT GIVES CONSUMERS MORE TRADE RAISES INCOMES. TRADE STIMULATES

CHOICE AND A BROADER ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
RANGE OF QUALITIES TO THAT CAN BE GOOD NEWS
CHOOSE FROM. FOR EMPLOYMENT
FUNCTIONS OF WTO
• FUNCTIONS OF WTO - the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing
with the global rules of trade. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely
as possible.
• ADMINISTERING TRADE AGREEMENTS - Each member receives guarantees that its exports will be treated
fairly and consistently in other members' markets.
• ACTING AS A FORUM FOR TRADE NEGOTIATIONS - By lowering trade barriers through negotiations
among member governments, the WTO's system also breaks down other barriers between peoples and trading
economy.
• SETTLING TRADE DISPUTE - The WTO's procedure for resolving trade conflicts under the Dispute
Settlement Understanding is vital.Governments bring disputes to the WTO if they think their rights under the
WTO agreements are being excluded.
• REVIEWING NATIONAL TRADE POLICIES - A WTO Committee on Trade and Development looks at
developing economies' special needs.
• BUILDING THE TRADE CAPACITY OF DEVELOPING ECONOMIES.
• COOPERATING WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.
 WTO Secretariat
The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has approximately 620 staff. It is headed by a Director-General,
who is supported by four Deputy Directors-General. Since the WTO is run by its member governments,
the Secretariat has no decision-making powers.

The Secretariat's main duties are to supply technical and professional support to the WTO's councils
and committees, to provide technical assistance for developing countries, to monitor developments in
world trade, to conduct economic research, to disseminate information on WTO activities to a variety
of audiences and to organize ministerial conferences. It also provides legal assistance in the WTO's
dispute settlement process and advises governments wishing to join the WTO.
Ms Angela Ellard (United States) Ambassador Jean-Marie Paugam (France)

Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

Ms Johanna Hill (El Salvador) Ambassador Xiangchen Zhang (China)

Principals Of WTO
The basic principles of the WTO (according to the WTO):
• Trade Without Discrimination
1. Most-lavoured-nation (MFN): treating other people Under the WTO
agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading
partners. Grant someone a special favour such as a lower customs auty rate
for one of ficar products and vow have to do the same for all other TO
members
2. National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals Imported and locally-
produced goods should be rested cotally - at cast atter the forcion goods
have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic
services, and to forein and local trademarks, copyrights and patents.
TRIMs and TRIPs of WTO
TRIMS:
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) is an agreement that was negotiated during the
Uruguay Round and applies only to measures that affect trade in goods. The agreement
acknowledges the impact of certain investment measures on trade, recognizing their potential
to restrict and distort it. It stipulates that no contracting party shall employ any Trade-Related
Investment Measures (TRIMs) inconsistent with Articles III (national treatment) and XI
(prohibition of quantitative restrictions) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
An illustrative list of TRIMs deemed incompatible with these articles is appended to the
agreement, encompassing measures such as "local content requirements" mandating specific
levels of local procurement and "trade balancing requirements" that limit the volume or value of
imports an enterprise can acquire based on its export levels . Furthermore, the agreement
mandates the notification of all non-conforming TRIMs, with developed countries required to
eliminate them within two years, developing countries within five years, and least-developed
countries within seven years. A Committee on TRIMs is established to monitor the
implementation of these commitments. Additionally, the agreement contemplates, at a later
date, whether it should be supplemented with provisions addressing investment and
competition policy on a broader scale.
TRIPS
• The TRIPS Agreement was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) and came into effect on January 1, 1995, as part of the establishment of the World
Trade Organization (WTO). It represents a significant international effort to harmonize intellectual
property protection standards and enforcement mechanisms. Key aspects of the TRIPS Agreement
include: Minimum Standards: The agreement sets out minimum standards for the protection of various
forms of intellectual property. This includes establishing the minimum term of protection for patents,
copyright, and related rights. Enforcement Measures: TRIPS includes provisions for the enforcement of
intellectual property rights, allowing for legal actions and remedies against infringement. National
Treatment: The agreement requires WTO member countries to provide non- discriminatory treatment to
the nationals of other member countries concerning the protection of intellectual property rights.
Dispute Settlement: TRIPS provides a dispute settlement mechanism through the WTO for resolving
conflicts related to the agreement. Public Health Flexibilities: In recognition of the importance of public
health, especially in relation to access to medicines, the TRIPS Agreement includes flexibilities that allow
countries to take measures to protect public health and ensure access to essential medicines. The TRIPS
Agreement has had a profound impact on intellectual property protection globally, influencing the legal
frameworks of many countries. It continues to be a subject of discussion and negotiation in international
trade and intellectual property forums.
The Agreements

General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)

General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)

Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property rights(TRIPS)

Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMS)

Agreement On Agriculture (AOA)

Agreement on Technical Barriers Trade (TBT)

Sanitary & Phyto Sanitary (SPS) Agreement

Role of WTO in new nations
post-colonialization
Role of WTO in new nations post- colonialization The World Trade
Organization (WTO) has played a crucial role in assisting new nations post-
colonization by providing them with a platform for fair and equitable trade.
By promoting principles of non-discrimination, transparency, and
predictability in international trade, the WTO has helped these nations
integrate into the global economy and overcome the economic challenges
inherited from colonization. Through its dispute settlement mechanism, the
WTO has provided a forum for resolving trade disputes and ensuring that new
nations are not unfairly disadvantaged by more powerful countries.
Additionally, the organization has provided technical assistance and capacity-
building programmes to help these nations develop their own industries and
improve their competitiveness in the global market. Additionally, the WTO's
technical assistance and capacity-building programmes have aided these
countries in enhancing their trade-related infrastructure, strengthening their
legal frameworks, and improving their trade facilitation measures. These
efforts have enabled these nations to better participate in international trade
and benefit from the opportunities it offers. Moreover, the WTO also
promotes transparency and accountability in trade practices, ensuring that all
member countries are there for fair and non-discriminatory trade policies.
This helps create a level playing field for all nations, fostering a more inclusive
and equitable global trading system.
Recent issues related to WTO
Twenty-four participants from around the world are
attending a two- month Advanced Trade Policy
Course (ATPC) from 18 January to 11 March 2016
Lamy calls for addressing macro-economic
imbalances through cooperation
Transparency mechanism for preferential trade
arrangements set for approval
Market access for LDCs (Least Developing
Countries)
Trade agreements between developing countries
Trade policy reviews: ensuring transparency
TRIPS Agreement aimed at facilitating access to
essential medicines in poor countries.
 References:
• Understanding economic development (social science textbook for class X)
• wto.org
• Wikipedia.org
 CONCLUSION:

• The composition of global trade in services has changed markedly in recent years, a period
that has seen developing economies register significant export gains in the services sector
despite the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such gains cover a host of non-
traditional, high-value adding, services that can be more readily supplied today through digital
means. While important progress has been made in developing analytical tools to inform
policy choices in services, conducting development- enhancing reforms in the sector and
boosting services exports remain complex endeavours that continue to prove challenging for
many poorer countries. Much more can be done through increased international cooperation
to help developing economies take full advantage of the structural changes at play in the
global economy and to unlock the benefits that expanded trade in services can bring.
THE END