Group I Economics project Module 2
MODULE II ( GROUP I )
OUTCOME : IDENTIFYING THE
REGULATING AGENCIES
ROLE IN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
(CONCEPTS AND SCOPE)
INDEX
● POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT: FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
● NITI AYOG : FORMATION AND OBJECTIVES
● NGT ACT 2010 : OBJECTIVES
● WESTERN GHATS ECOLOGY EXPERT PANEL : OBJECTIVES
AND FUNCTIONS
● LEGAL ENVIRONMENT : STRUCTURE IN INDIA
● INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT :IMF, WTO , IBRD , MNCs ,
BRICS etc
● EUROPEAN UNION : FUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES
● FDI AND FII IN INDIA
● OPEC : FUNCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES
#
POLITICAL
ENVIRONMENT
• POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT IS THE STATE
GOVERNMENT AND ITS INSTITUTIONS
AND LEGISLATIOUS AND THE PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE STAKEHOLDERS WHO
OPERATE AND INTERACT WITH OR
INFLUENCE THE SYSTEM
IMPORTANCE
OF POILITICAL
ENVIRONMENT
• Political Environment plays a very crucial role
in the regulation of business.
• The political environment majorly affects the
way in which a business operates. But many a
time it becomes an obstacle in the working of
the businesses.
STRUCTURE OF STATE GOVERNMENT
01 02
EXECUTIVE JUDICIARY
• GOVERNER • CHIEF JUSTICE
• CHIEF MINISTER • HIGH COURT
• COUNCIL OF
MINISTERS
03
LEGISLATION
• LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY
• LEGISLATIVE
COUNCIL
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
INTERNAL PUBLIC
EDUCATION
SECURITY ORDER
RESERVATION OF
AGRICULTURE FINANCES
BILLS
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
TRANSPORT WATER SUPPLY BUDGET
ALLOCATION OF
FUNDS
EXAMPLES OF POLITICAL
ENVIRONMENT AFFECTING BUSINESS
POLICIES MADE BY THE
GOVERNMENT HAVE A TAX RATES DECIDED BY PROMOTION OF SELF
SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE GOVERNMENT BUSINESS BY THE
THE INTERNATIONAL AFFECT THE BUSINESS GOVERNMENT
MARKET
POLICIES TAX RATES PROMOTION
Research resources
● https://www.india.gov.in/
● https://knowindia.india.gov.in/
NATIONAL GREEN
TRIBUNAL ACT
(NGT ACT) 2010
NGT ACT 2010
• NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL WAS
ESTABLISHED ON 18 OCTOBER 2010
UNDER THE NGT ACT 2010.
• IT’S A SPECIALISED BODY FOR
HANDLING ANY ENVIRONMENTAL
DISPUTES.
• IT WAS FORMED BY REPLACING THE
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT APPELLATE
AUTORITY.
MAIN FOCUS OF NGT
• FOCUSES ON • SETTING UP
EFFECTIVE • PROTECTION AND SPECIALISED
AND CONSERVATION ENVIRONMENTAL
EXPEDITIOUS OF ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL
DISPOSAL OF
CASES
AIM OF NGT
01 • Concerning
environmental matters
• Right to enjoy
02 pollution free
environment
03 • Quality of life
OBJECTIVES OF NGT ACT
CURB
EFFECTIVE AND 01 05 ENVIRONMENTAL
EXPEDITIOUS
DISPOSAL OF CASE. DAMAGING
ACTIVITIES.
03
HANDLE
PROVIDE RELIEF 02 ENVIRONMENTAL 04 REDUCE BURDEN
AND DISPUTES. OF
COMPENSATION. ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
Conclusion
• Environmental protection being the important concern of
the nation the creation of Tribunal seems to be an
appropriate taken at an appropriate time.
Research resources
● https://greentribunal.gov.in
● https://blog.ipleaders.in
WESTERN GHATS
ECOLOGY EXPERT
PANEL
INTRODUCTION
Treasure trove of biodiversity
Four biodiversity ;
1. Eastern Himalayas
2. Western Himalayas
3. Western Ghats
4. Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Known as ' Sahyadri
• UNESCO World Heritage
PROBLEMS
Competition 01 05 Climate change
for resources
03
02 Pollution 04
Population Deforestation
MEMBERS
Chairman Representative from
Tribal Group
Experts from biology , Civil Society
sociology, law, science. Representative
WGEEP'S OBJECTIVE
● Assessing the current status.
● Distinguish between the areas.
● Make recommendations.
● Suggest measures for implementation.
● Establishment of WGE Authority.
● Dealing other investments.
● Athirapally Hydroelectric Projects.
GEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES
● Goa-Nilgiris Pre-Cambrian
Charnockites Landscape – L4
● Goa-Nilgiris Recent Sedimentary
Rocks Landscape – L5
● Kerala State Biodiversity Board
5South of Palghat Gap Pre-
Cambrian Charnockites Landscape
– L6
GEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES
● South of Palghat Gap Pre-
Cambrian Peninsular Gneiss
Landscape – L7
● South of Palaghat Gap Pre-
Cambrian Khondalites
Landscape – L8
● South of Palghat Gap Recent
Sedimentary Rocks Landscape
– L9
ESZ ( Ecological
Sensitive Zones )
REASONS
• Endemism • Centre of • Special breeding
evolution of sites/Areas
• Endangered domesticated • Fresh Water
species species
Swamps
• Rarity • Wildlife • Sacred groves
corridors
• IUCN max
• Specialised • Wetlands
ecosystem
FUNCTIONS OF WGEEP
Approving Master Managing
Land Activities
Developing Dispute Resolving
Master Plan Authority
Research sources
● Madhav Gadgils Report
● https://www.keralabiodiversity.org/
● http://Economicstime.Indiantimes.com
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
SIGATAPU SAI JAHNAVI
LEGAL
ENVIRONMENT
• The legal environment refers to the rules and
regulations ,policies and laws framed by the
government in order to protect society and
consumers from unfair business activities.
The legal environment consists of
• legislations by • Administrative • Decisions issued
the government orders by by commissions.
government
Legal environment have two fold outputs
Positive output Negative output
Importance of legal environment-builds up goodwill of the firm by
following fair means.
Legal factors affecting the business are as
follows
Consumer protection
01 05 Intellectual laws
laws
02 Labour laws 06 Tax laws
03 Contract laws 07 Health and safety laws
Environment
04 Organisational laws 08
protection laws
Consumer protection law
THIS LAW CONNECTS THE THREAD BETWEEN THE BUSINESS AND THE
CONSUMER.
The consumer protection law level 1 level 2 level 3
has three a tier system
DISTRICT STATE NATIONAL
FORUM COMMISSION COMMISSION
EMPLOYEMENT / LABOUR LAW
LAWS THAT ARE PASSED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF
EMPLOYEES.
CONCEPTS OF LABOUR LAW ARE AS FOLLOWS;
MINIMUM PUBLIC
WAGE HOLIDAYS
WORK PLACE
DISCRIMINANTION
FIXED
MATURNITY
WORKING
LEAVE BENIFITS
HOURS
CONTRACT LAW
● IF THE INTENTION IS TO ENTER AND AGREEMENT WITH
ANOTHER PERSON AND ENTITY , THEN CONTRACT LAW IS
BINDING.
● THIS ALSO HAS A SPECIAL AREA THAT IS INVOLOVED IN
DIRECTLY WITH THE FACTORS AFFECTING BUSINESS.
● LAWS INCLUDE ;
1. INDIAN CONTRACT , 1872
2. SALE OF GOODS ACT , 1930
3. PARTNERSHIP ACT , 1932
Organisational law
ANY BUSINESS THAT IS ORGANISED AS A LEGAL ENTITY IS SUBJECT TO THE
STATE LAW THAT GOVERNS AS OPERATION AND CONDUCT. THERE ARE
DIFFERENT BUSINESS ENTITIES UNDER THIS;
LIMITED
LIABILITY/ COOPERATION
PARTNERSHIP
PARTNERSHIP COMPANIES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW
Intellectual Property law deals with laws to protect and enforce rights of the
creators and owners of inventions, writing, music, designs and other works,
known as the "intellectual property.
01 TRADE MARKS
ACT , 1999
PATENTS ACT ,
02
1970
TAX LAWS
ANY BUSINESS ENTITY THAT IS UNABLE TO PAY THE TAXES BASED ON ITS
LOCATION AND INCOME , VIOLATING THE TAX REGULATION CAN END THE
FUTURE OF BUSINESS.
EXAMPLE OF SUCH TAXES INCLUDE ;
01 INCOME TAX
02 PROPERTY TAX
HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATION
LAWS
WHEN A COMPANY HIRES EMPLOYEES IT MUST ENSURE THE HEALTH AND
SAFETY OF THE EMPLOYEES . IF THE COMPANY FAIL TO ENSURE THE SAFETY
OF THE EMPLOYEES IT WILL FACE LEGAL ACTION .
FACTORIES FATAL
MINES ACT , 1952
ACT , 2008 ACCIDENT, 1855
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION LAW
THESE LAWS ARE FORMULATED IN ORDER SAVE THE DETERIORATIONS
CAUSED TO THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES OF
HUMAN BEINGS.
FOLLOWING ARE A MUST FOR A BUSINESS TO ORGANISE
ENVIRONMENTAL
AUDITING PROPER
MONITORING AND
REPORTING OF
ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS ON THE
MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT
SYSTEM
IMPACT OF LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF
BUSINESS
• Directs business to
• Due to taxation the profit protect rights
and loss fluctuate.
• It promotes economic • Determines rate of
growth. success of any
business
Conclusion
• A proper legal environment for a business helps a
business eco system to flourish
• It also ensures the safety and security of the
consumers.
• It also makes sure the relation between the society
and business is in welfare terms
• Sources
1) Ipleaders
2) Study with niharika tiwari
3) Apex learning
4) Business standard articles
European Union
“The european union is the world’s most
successful invention for advancing peace”
— John Bruton
Introduction
Supranational
political and
01
economic union of
27 member states
Originally confined to
western Europe , undertook
02 a
robust expansion into
central and eastern Europe.
Timeline
1948 1950 1951 1957
PLANS FOR A
PEACEFUL
EUROPE THE SCHUMAN THE TREATY THE TREATY
DECLARATION OF PARIS OF ROME
ESTABLISHED
ECSC
Major Timeline
1965 1986 1992 1993
EUROPEAN
THE SINGLE
THE MAASTRICT UNION
EUROPEAN TURNS THE
MERGER ACT ENTERS COMMUNITY COMES
TREATY INTO ACT
INTO A UNION INTO
EFFECT
MAASTRICHT TURNS THE COMMUNITY INTO A UNION
Eu institutions
• Executive • Legislative
European commission European parliament
European council Council of EU
Eu institutions
• Judicial
The court of justice
The court of auditors
Eu institutions
• Financial
The European central bank
BODIES
● European external action service
● European economic and social committee
● European committee of the regions
● European investment bank
● European ombudsman
● European data protection supervisor
● European data protection board
Inter institutional service
■ Computer emergency response team
■ European school of administration
■ European personal selection office
■ Publications office
Common foreign and security policy
■ European defence agency
■ European union institute for security
studies
■ European union satellite centre
Aims of EU within it’ s borders
To offer citizens freedom, Enhance economic, social
To promote piece and well security and justice , without and territorial cohesion
being of the society internal borders, while also and solidarity among EU
controlling external borders countries
To establish an economic
Combat social exclusion and
union with euro as its Establish an internal market
discrimination
currency
Aims of EU within the wider world
■ Contribute to peace and security and the
sustainable development of earth.
■ Uphold and promote its values and interest.
■ Strict observance of international law etc.
Values of EU
01 Human Dignity 05 Rule of Law
02 Freedom 06 Human Rights
03 Democracy
04 Equality
Eu countries AUSTRIA
BELGIUM LITHUANIA
BULGARIA LUXEMBOURG
CROATIA MALTA
REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS NETHERLANDS
CZECH REPUBLIC POLAND
DENMARK PORTUGAL
ESTONIA ROMANIA
FINLAND SLOVAKIA
FRANCE SLOVENIA
GERMANY SPAIN
GREECE SWEDEN
HUNGARY
IRELAND
ITALY
LATVIA
Conclusion
• 27 European countries are enjoying common
economic social and security policies under the
shade of European union.EU facing a number of
issues but still the power of union cannot denied.
• Sources https://www.brittanica.com
https://youtube.be/Br2qtwQOE1Q
BOOKS REFERRED:
European Union The Basics
(Written By: ALEX WARLEIGH)
(Published By : ROUTLEDGE PUBLICATIONS)
OPEC (The Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries
INTRODUCTION
• Acronym For Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
• Permanent intergovernmental organization formed at Baghdad in
September 1960 .
• Founding members : Iran , Iraq , Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and
Venezuela.
• Formation of OPEC marked a turning point in the sovereignty
over natural resources.
• Textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market
competition.
OPEC MEMEBERS
OBJECTIVES
To Co-ordinate and To provide efficient
To seek ways and
unify the petroleum economic and
means of ensuring the
policies regular supply of
stabilization of prices
petroleum
FUNCTIONS
The member
The OPEC Member Meet twice a year to
countries also hold
countries adjust their review the status of
other meetings to
oil production international oil
various point of
activities market
interests
Conclusion
• Consists of 13 member companies
• Aims to regulate the supply of oil
• Arrival of fracking technology affected OPECs
influence in the market
Research sources
● http://opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.html
● http://Investopedia.com
FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT (FDI)
FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT
• Organisation takes control and ownership of a
business firm in another country
HISTORY OF FDI IN INDIA
• Introduced on 1991
• By Finance Minister Dr Manmohan Singh
• Under Foreign Exchange Management Act
• Commenced with baseline of 1 Billion Dollar in
1990
ROLE OF FDI
• Help in Economic development
• Improve Infrastructure, Productivity, Employment
• Mobilize Foreign Exchange Reserve
• Allow RBI to to interfere in foreign exchange
market
• Provide more favourable economic development
forensic breakthrough
TYPE OF FDI
01 02
PLATFORM FDI CONGLOMERATE
FDI
forensic breakthrough
03 04
VERTICAL FDI HORIZONTAL FDI
forensic breakthroug
ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE OF FDI
• Advantage • Disadvantage
Boost economy of a country. Interfere in domestic
investment.
Expansion of Human capital by
subsistence of workforce. Result in negative values.
Costlier than domestic
Trades in the global market.
environment .
Capital with limited domestic
stock enjoy capital inflow.
Conclusion
• FDI plays important role in the growth of global
business
• Provide a firm with new market and marketing
channels
• Access to new technology ,products , production
facilities, skills and financing
• Change in global investment pattern
Research sources
● www.world scienticfin.com
● www.businessstandard.com
● FOREIGN INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT BY NITI BAHSIN
● FDI and Economic growth in India by NARAYAN SETHI
SAMNHITA
NITI AAYOG
01
FORMATION
UNION GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
ANNOUNCED THE FORMATION OF NITI
AAYOG ON 1 JANUARY 2015
OBJECTIVES OF NITI AAYOG
TO FOCUS ON
STATES ACTIVE 01 05 TECHNOLOGY
PARTICIPATION IN
THE LIGHT OF ADVANCEMENTS
NATIONAL
OBJECTIVES 03
AN ECONOMIC
TO FROSTER
02 PROGRAM THAT 04 BUILDS LONG-
COOPERATIVE TAKES INTO TERM POLICY AND
FEDERALISM ACCOUNT ITS FRAMEWORK
THROUGH WELL NATIONAL AND EVALUATE ITS
ORGANISED SECURITY DEVELOPMENT
ASSISTENCE CONCERNS AND SUCCESS
PROGRAMS
IMPACT IN
INDIA
• NITI Aayog has the twin Mandate to oversee
the adoption and monitoring of the Sous in the
Country promote competitive and cooperative
and federalism among states and Union
territories.
• The Ministry of statistics and programme
Implementation has already undertaken a
Parallel exercise of interaction with the
Ministries to evolve indicators reflecting The
SDG goals and targets.
Conclusion
• AT THE SUGGESTION OF PRIME MODI, NITI
AAYOG HAS LAUNCHED. MINISTER NARENDRA
NEW PROGRAM 'NITI LECTURES TEARS FORMING
INDIA" THIS PROJECT AIMS TO BRING IN
INTERNATIONALLY RENOWNED POLICYMAKERS,
EXPERTS AND ADMINISTRATORS TO SPEAK THEIR
MINDS, EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE IN
POLICYMAKING AND BETTER GOVERNANCE
WITH THEIR INDIAN COUNTER PARTS
Research resources
● http://www.niti.gov.in
FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL
INVESTOR
FOREIGN
INSTITUTIONAL
INVESTOR
• FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS
ARE TYPICALLY LARGE COMPANIES
THAT INVESTS IN COUNTRIES OTHER
THAN WHERE ITS HEAD QUARTERS ARE
LOCATED.
TOP FII’S IN THE WORLD
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMNET OF EURO PACIFIC
PENSION
SINGAPORE GROWTH FUND
GLOBAL FUND
GOVERNMENT
OF SINGAPORE
• TOP INVES TOR IN INDIA.
• IT HOLDS OVER 43 STOCK NETWORTH OF OVER
121,000 CR
• THE GOVERNMENT OF SINGAPORE HAS INVESTED
IN ;
1. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES
2. INFOSYS
3. BAJAJ FINANCE
4. AXIS BANK AND MANY MORE…
EURO PACIFIC
GROWTH FUND
• IT HOLDS 6 STOCK NETWORTH OF OVER 29335 CR .
• EURO PACIFIFC GROWTH FUND HAS INVESTED
IN ;
1. RELIANCE INDUSTRIES
2. KOTAK MAHINDRA BANK
3. BHARATI AIRTEL
4. ICIC BANK
5. HDFC LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
GOVERNMENT
PENSION
GLOBAL FUND
• THE GLOBAL PENSION FUND FROM NORWAY HAS
INVESTED IN 65 STOCKS
• NETWORTH OF OVER 51,000 CR.
• ITS MAJOR HOLDINGS INCLUDE :
1. INFOSYS
2. AXIS BANK
3. TECH MAHINDRA ETC
ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE OF FII
• Advantage • Disadvantage
ENHANCED FLOW OF
THE DEMAND FOR LOCAL
EQUITY CAPITAL .
CURRENCY INCREASES
DUE TO INFLATION .
IMPROVING CAPITAL
MARKET .
PROBLEMS FOR SMALL
INVESTORS .
REDUCED COST OF EQUITY
CAPITAL .
Conclusion
• FII ARE THE IMPORTANT VARIABLE FOR THE
INDIAN ECONOMY , THEY DIRECTLY AFFECT THE
WEALTH CREATE BY THE INDIAN ECONOMY .
• FII INVESTMENT DOES NOT TARGET A SPECIFIC
COMPANY .
Research resources
● https://economictimes.com
● https://www.toppr.com
● https://investopedia.com
INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
• INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IS
MULTI DIMENTIONAL IT INVOLVES
POLITICAL RISKS , CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES , EXCHANGE RISKS ,
LEGAL AND TAXATION ISSUES.
• IT IS THE SURROUNDING IN WHICH
INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES RUN THEIR
BUSINESS .
• EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND SERVICES
THAT CONDUCTS ITS OPERATIONS
ACROSS NATIONAL BORDERS .
INTERNATIONAL MONEYTARY FUND
(IMF)
• INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION THAT PROMOTES
GLOBAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FINANCIAL
STABILITY .
• KEY DETERMINANT OF THE VOTING POWER AND
SDR .
• IMF IS BASED IN WASHINTON , DC .
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION (WTO)
• ESTABLISHED IN 1995 , IT IS AN INTERNATIONAL
ORGANISATION THAT OVERSEES RULES FOR GLOBAL
TRADE .
• HELPS PRODUCERS OF GOODS AND SERVICES ,
EXPORTERS AND IMPORTERS .
• PROVIDES OPEN LINE OF COMMUNICATION AMONG
ITS MEMBERS .
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
• SET UP 1944 , IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS WORLD BANK
• FOCUSES ON MAKING LAWS TO THE GOVERNMENT.
• STRENGTHEN PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND
HAS IMPROVED INVESTMENT.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN NATIONS
• IT IS A ORGANISATION OF TEN SOUTHEAST ASIAN
AND PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES WHOSE COUNTRIES
WHOSE GOVERNMENT COLLABORATE TO
PROMOTE SOCIO – CULTURAL , ECONOMIC AND
POLITICAL ADVANCMENT IN THE REGION .
• IT WAS FORMED IN 1967 .
MEMBERS OF ASEAN
MALAYSIA SINGAPORE
INDONESIA THAILAND
THE
PHILIPPINES
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ASEAN
OPPOSE THE RISK
THE FREEDOM , 01 05 OR THE POWER
EQUALITY AND
TERRITORIAL AND FROSTER
SOVEREGNITY. PARTICAL
03 COOPERATION
TO PURSUE ITS
NOT TO CAUSE 02 NATIONAL LIFE 04 SOLVE CONFLICT
PROBLEMS IN FREELY FROM THE TO
INTERNAL OUTSIDE CONTRADICTION
AFFAIRS. INTERVENTION , BY COOPERATIVE
REBELION OR MEANS
POWER .
VISION OF ASEAN 2025
MAINTAIN PEACE AND STABILITY ,
INTEGRATE THE MARKETS , AND LEAVE
NO ONE BEHIND THROUGH THE THREE
COMMUNITY PILLARS.
VISION OF ASEAN
ONE
ONE VISION ONE IDENTITY
COMMUNITY
SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION
FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION
(SAARC)
SOUTH ASIAN ASSSOCIATION FOR
REGIONAL COOPERATION
• IT IS THE GEO-POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC BODY OF EIGHT COUNTRIES
LOCATED IN SOUTH ASIA.
• ESTABLISHED IN 8 DECEMBER 1985
• SETUP IN KATHMANDU , NEPAL ON 17
JANUARY 1987.
MEMBERS OF SAARC
AFGHANISTAN MALDIVES
BANGLADESH NEPAL
BHUTAN PAKISTAN
INDIA SRI LANKA
STRUCTURE OF SAARC
• IN LATE 1970s , THE SEVEN SOUTH ASIAN
COUNTRIES AGREED TO CREATE A
TRADE BLOC.
• ON MAY 2 , 1980 ZIA UR RAHMAN
CREATE BLOC.
• THE ORGANISATION PROMOTES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND
REGIONAL INTEGRATION .
OBJECTIVES OF SAARC
• PROMOTE THE WELL FARE OF THE
PEOPLES OF SOUTH ASIA AND IMPROVE
THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE .
• PROMOTE AND STRENGHTEN
COLLECTIVE SELF RELIANCE AMOUNG
THE COUNTRIES OF SOUTH ASIA.
• PROMOTES ACTIVE COLLABORATION
AND MUTUAL ASSISTENCE IN THE
ECONOMIC , SOCIAL , CULTURAL ,
TECHNICAL AND SCIENTICFIC FIELDS.
BRICS ( BRAZIL , RUSSIA ,
INDIA , CHINA , SOUTH AFRICA
)
BRICS
• BRICS IS THE ACRONYM FOR FIVE
EMERGING ECONOMIES OF BRAZIL ,
RUSSIA , INDIA , CHINA AND SOUTH
AFRICA
• GOLDMAN SACHS , ECONOMIST . JIM
O’NIEL COINED THE TERM BRICS IN
2001.
• BRICS WAS ORGINALLY FORMED IN
SEPTEMBER 2006 AT UNGA ( UN
GENERAL ASSEMBLY )
OBJECTIVES OF BRICS
• PROMOTE AND ACHIEVE
ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT
• TO ACHIEVE REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
• TO REMOVE TRADE BARRIERS
• OPTIMUM USE OF RESOURSES
• BUILDING HARMONY AND
RELATIONSHIP AMOUNG NATIONS.
FEATURES OF BRICS
POLITICAL AND
PEOPLE TO PEOPLE ECONOMIC
SECURITY
EXCHANGE COOPERATION
COOPERATION
MULTI NATIONAL
COOPERATION (MNCs)
MULTI NATIONAL COOPERATION
• MULTI NATIONAL COOPERATION
RELATES TO A COOPERATION THAT
OPERATES FROM ONE NATION TO
WHICH IT IS HEADQUATERED AND
OPERATES IN TWO OR MORE
COUNTRIES.
• MNC HAS ITS HEAD QUARTERS OR HEAD
OFFICE IN THE PLACE OR COUNTRY OF
ITS ORGIN .
ABOUT MNCs
• 17th CENTUARY EAST INDIA COMPANY
HAS REGARDED AS FIRST MNC
• SOME WELL KNOWN MNCs AROUND
MODERN WORLD INCLUDE APPLE
INC , MICROSOFT , COCO COLA ,
SAMSUNG , PEPSI CO , INFOSIS AND
NIKE INC.
• IT MANUFACTURES GOODS ON WIDE
SCALE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS
• SOME BENEFITS OF MNCs ARE THAT
IT SPREADS TREMENDOUS
RESOURCES IN HOST NATION
IMPLEMENDS NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Research resources
● https://economictimes.com
● https://www.toppr.com
● https://investopedia.com
