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Unit 4

The document discusses the internal structure of words in English and the processes of word formation. It addresses: 1) The definitions of morphemes and morphs, and examples of each. 2) The two main types of morphemes - lexical and grammatical - and their functions. 3) The types of morphs - free, bound, bound roots, affixes, and examples. 4) The processes of word formation including derivation, reduplication, conversion, compounding, blends, back formations, and shortening. The knowledge of morphology, or the internal structure of words, contributes significantly to students' ability to learn and understand English vocabulary and grammar. Understanding

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27 views27 pages

Unit 4

The document discusses the internal structure of words in English and the processes of word formation. It addresses: 1) The definitions of morphemes and morphs, and examples of each. 2) The two main types of morphemes - lexical and grammatical - and their functions. 3) The types of morphs - free, bound, bound roots, affixes, and examples. 4) The processes of word formation including derivation, reduplication, conversion, compounding, blends, back formations, and shortening. The knowledge of morphology, or the internal structure of words, contributes significantly to students' ability to learn and understand English vocabulary and grammar. Understanding

Uploaded by

Tạ Phương Thịnh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Internal Structure of Words

& Processes of Word Formation in


English

1
What is a morpheme? What is a
morph? Give examples for each.

• A morpheme = the smallest


meaningful unit in a language
• A morph = the concrete realization of
a morpheme

2
How many types of morphemes are
there? What are they?

3
How many types of morphemes are
there? What are they?

• Lexical morphemes express lexical, or


dictionary, meaning. They can be categorized
into the major lexical categories or word
classes: noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.
They are generally independent words (free
roots) or parts of words (derivational affixes
and bound roots).
• Grammatical morphemes express relations
within the sentence. They may be parts of
words (inflectional affixes) or function words.
4
Examples of inflectional morphemes

5
6
7
How many types of morphs are there?
What are they? Give examples

8
Free morph

• may stand alone;


• is always a root;
• carries the principle lexical or
grammatical meaning;
• there is greatest potential for
substitution
• may attach to other free or bound
morphenes
9
Bound morph

• must always be attached to another


morph

10
Bound roots

• are often foreign borrowings that


were free in the source language, but
not free in English
Eg: -vert
-mit
-ceive

11
Affix

• does not carry the core meaning


• is always bound to a root
• a particular affix will attach to only
certain roots
• 2 kinds: prefixes and suffixes

12
Derivational affix

• Is either a prefix or a suffix


• Has one of the 2 functions
– To convert one part of speech to another
 class changing
– To change the meaning of a root  class
maintaining

13
Inflectional affix

• Is always a suffix
• Function: to indicate grammatical
meaning

14
Enclitic

• = a kind of contraction
• = a bound form which derives from an
independent word and must be
attached to the preceding auxilary

15
16
Define the different types of
morphemes and morphs.

17
What are the differences between free
and bound morphs

18
Derivation

• = the addition of a derivational affix


• Changes include:
– A phonological change
– An orthographic change
– A semantic change
– A change in word class

19
What are some processes of word
formation?

• Derivation
• Reduplication
• Conversion or functional shift
• Compounding
• Blends
• Back formations
• Shortening
20
Reduplication

• = a process similar to derivation, in which


the initial syllable or the enrire word is
doubled
• 3 types of reduplication
– Exact reduplication: papa, mama ..
– Ablaut reduplication in which the vowel
alternates while the consonants are identicle:
criss-cross, zig-zag …
– Rhyme reduplication in which the consonants
change while the vowel remains the same:
helter-sketter, hodge-pogge … 21
Conversion or functional shift

• A functional shift is the conversion of


one part of speech to another without
the addition of a suffix

22
Compounding

• = combining 2 or more roots (plus


associate affixes

23
Blends

• = compounding + clipping

24
Back Formation
• = derive a morphologically simple
word from a form analyzed on the
basis of derivational and inflectional
patterns existing in English, as a
morphologically complex word

25
Shortening
• = deletion of sound segments without
respect to morphological bounderies
– Clipping
– Acronyms
– Initialism

26
To what extent does the knowledge of
morphology contribute to students’
process of learning English?

27

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