英汉词语对比与翻译

系统、语义及其他
 根据语言的词汇形态特征，有孤立语（每个
词只由一个语素构成）、粘着语（一个词通
常由一个以上的语素构成，且语素间的界线
总是分明的）、屈折语（一个词通常由一个
以上的语素构成，语素间的界线不分明）和
多式综合语之分。汉语接近孤立语，英语也
偏向于孤立语，但是和汉语相比，却更偏向
与综合语。综合语的特点是词缀丰富。
 英汉构词法对比
 一，派生（加缀、缩略、重叠）
 1 ，加缀
 按形式位置，英语词缀可分为前、中、后缀，汉语
词缀只有前、后缀；按语法功能，英语的可分为名
词性、动词性、形容词性、副词性词缀等，汉语的
可分为名词性、动词性、形容词性等词缀；按语义
功能分，英语词缀可分为表示人、物、性状的，汉
语词缀则主要是表示人的。
 相对而言，汉语的后缀要比前缀丰富，而这些后缀
多数是名词性的，其中表示人的占了相当大的比重。
另外，汉语出现新后缀的势头比英语强，如“部 /
省 / 市里不同意”，“酒 / 网 / 餐吧”等。
 英语表示人的后缀按附加的语义可分为这几类：
 1 ，表示人的某种职业
 -an historian -ant merchant
 -ar scholar -eer engineer
 -ist pianist -or author
 2 ，表示具有某种职务
 -ain captain -al principal
 -arch monarch -ary secretary
 3 ，表示来自某个地方的人
 -er villager -ese Chinese
 4 ，表示信奉或信仰某种主义者
 -an repulican -crat bureaucrat
 5 ，表示做某种动作对人
 -al rival -ant/ent agent -ard laggard
 6 ，表示感情色彩
 -aster 带有“小、臭、丑”等轻蔑意味
 Poetaster ( 大油诗人） criticaster 低劣的批评
家
 7 ，表阴性
 汉语中表示人的名词后缀从语义上大致可分为
 1 ，表示从事某种职业或具有某种职务、学位
 师 律师、教师 夫 农夫、大夫
 员 议员、委员 匠 花匠、鞋匠
 2 ，表示亲属等称谓
 子 儿子 人 夫人 亲 双亲
 3 ，表示做某个动作的人
 者 笔者、记者 手 凶手、帮手
 4 ，表示一般意义上的人
 子 败家子、浪子 头 刺头、对头
 汉 好汉、懒汉 分子 中间分子
 缩略 abbreviation
 英语缩略词则受语音特点的支配。英语的缩略方法主要有
 1 ）截除词尾 apocope
 Advertisement- ad demobilize—demob
 2 ）截除词首 aphaeresis
 Violoncello—cello raccoon—coon
 Microfiche---fiche
 3) 截除首尾 front and back clipping
 Influenza—flu prescription—script
 4) 截除词腰 syncope
idololatry—idolatry
5) 首字母缩略 initial
ISBN (international standard book number)
AP Associated Press c/o care of ( 烦…转交）
RSVP respond s’il vous plait
6) 首字母拼音词 acronym
PEN (international association of poets, playwrights, essa
yists, and novelists, 国际诗人剧作家散文家小说家协会 国
际笔会）
ASEAN NATO AIDS
7) 拼缀词 blending
camcorder ( camera + recorder) fantabulous (fantast
ic+ fabulous)
 汉语也有缩略构词，缩略而成的此如“北
大”两个成分之间很难说存在词与词的某种
组合关联。汉语的缩略词分为双音节和三音
节两类。
 责任编辑——责编
 Executive （ or responsible) editor; editor-in-
charge
 高等学校——高校
 博士学位研究生——博士生
 “ 三包”：包修、包退、包换
 The three guaranteed R’s: repair, replacement and
refund.
 三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
 Orient/gear educational work to the needs of mode
rnization, the world, and the future
 五讲四美：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、讲
道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美
 Five stresses/ advocatings (on decorum, manners,
hygiene, discipline and morals) and four points of
beauty ( of the mind, language, behavior and the e
nvironment)
 三围
 bust, waist and hips vital statistics
 三资企业
 Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative
enterprises and exclusively foreign-owned e
nterprises 或 Sino-foreign joint ventures, co
operative businesses and exclusively foreig
n-owned enterprises in China
 重叠 (reduplication)
 汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使词语音节匀称、形式
整齐，而且赋予词语新的意义和感情色彩。
 1 ）名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感
情色彩等
 人人 天天 世世代代 风风雨雨
 2 ）数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩
 个个 条条 一桩桩 一包一包 千千万万
 3 ）动词重叠，表示动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松、随意等
 说说 听听 走一走 笑了笑 考虑考虑 进进出出 吞吞吐吐
 看着看着 完了完了
 4 ） 形容词重叠，表示程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或爱憎、厌恶等情绪
 红红 紧紧 奇奇怪怪 花花绿绿 笔直笔直 雪白雪白
 5 ）附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动
 毛毛雨 水汪汪 心心相印 脉脉含情 衣冠楚楚 杨柳依依 糊里糊
涂
 6 ）偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠
 假情假义 难兄难弟 以毒攻毒 好说歹说 面对面 手拉手
 此外，象声词也常常采用重叠的形式，如：哗哗、
呜呜、轰隆隆、咕嘟咕嘟，等。
 英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远远不如汉语普遍。
英语的重叠只有一个格式，即 AA 式，另有两个变
体，即改变元音的重叠式和改变辅音的重叠式。
 Bye-bye tut-tut din-din chow-chow chin-chin
ga-ga
 Ping-pong zigzag seesaw flip-flop tick-tock
 clip-clop crisscross dilly-dally riff-raff
 Walkie-talkie hoity-toity hotch-potch
 piggy-wiggy clap-trap
 英语叠音词，一般属谐音或拟声现象，有许多词来自儿童语，通常用于
口语、俚语或非正式文体。重叠在汉语里是一种重要的构词方式，也是
一种常用的语法和修辞手段。李清照的《声声慢》连用七对叠字，无论
再美的译文，都无法象汉语那样重叠：
 寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚
 I seek but seek in vain,
 I search and search again;
 I feel so sad, so drear,
 So lonely, without cheer.
 by XYZ

 so dim, so dark, so dense , so dull,

 so damp, so dank, so dead
 by Lin Yutang
 词汇语义关系
 词是具备音、形、义，可以独立运用的最小语言单
位。一个词既有指称意义，又有言内意义和语用意
义。
 红案 Dish preparing
 红白喜事 weddings and funerals
 红榜 Honor roll 红包 red paper bag of reward 红
尘 The world of mortals
 红得发紫 very influential 红粉 Woman; beauty 红
火 flourishing
 红口白牙 right from sb’s own mouth
 莫里斯区分了符号关系的三个方面，指出：符号与其所指称或描写的实
体与事件之间的关系是语义关系，符号与符号之间的关系是符号句法关
系，符号与符号使用者之间的关系是语用关系。与这三种关系相对应的，
就是语言符号的三类意义：指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。
 指称意义（ referential meaning) 或概念意义（ ideational m
eaning) 是语言符号和它所描绘叙述的主观世界或客观世界
的实体或事件之间的关系。
 言内意义（ intralingual meaning) 或语篇意义是句子成分与
句子成分之间或句与句之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节
奏，如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果等。
 语用意义（ pragmatic meaning) 或交际意义是语言符号与
其使用者之间的关系，包括表征意义、表达意义、社会意义、
祈使意义和联想意义。
 指称意义的理解
 一词多义
 As the Pegasus righted herself I got up, half strang
led with the brine I had swallowed and wet to the s
kin.
 当 Pegasus 号船身摆平后，我才爬起来，呛了好几
口海水，差点喘不过气来，全身都湿透了。
 But Smith showed unexpected strength, especially
in the wet districts.
 但是史密斯出其不意地得到很多选票，尤其是在那
些非禁酒地区。
 ①She can be scornful of those ②who are not toug
h in either performance or philosophy, ③reserving
for them her ultimate pejorative, “wet”, ④which in
her lexicon is an accusation of gutlessness.
 ② 对那些在行动上或者人生哲学上表现软弱的人，
①她是看不起的，③她爱用一个她心目中最轻蔑的
词“黏糊”（湿不拉唧）称呼他们，④在她的词汇
里，这个词就是用来指责没有胆量的人的。
 She had a wet nurse for the infant.
 她雇了名奶妈给婴儿喂奶。
 To Big Tim that day he looked like a cocky c
ollege kid, still wet behind the ears.
 大个子蒂姆认为他那天活像个毛头大学生，
仍然有点乳臭未干。
 If you think I am for him, you are all wet.
 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了。
 中西文化比较与语言差异
 从性质上看，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科
学文化。在心理文化方面，人文文化“重人论、轻
器物、价值取向以道德为本位。重综合、轻分析。
重意会、轻言传。崇尚群体意识，强调同一性。追
求人与自然的和谐，把人与自然看成浑然一体。”
科学文化“重物质、轻人论，价值取向以功利为本
位。重分析、轻综合。重概念、忌笼统、强调人权，
主张个人至上，重视特殊的辩识。强调人与自然的
对立，人对自然的索取。
 人文文化和科学文化的主要差别反映在思维方式上
有如下几点：
 1 中国人重直觉与具象而西方人重理性与逻辑
 汉语词语直观性强
 短发 shingle; bobbed hair
 娃娃头 pageboy style
 假发 wig
 硬币 coin 纸币 note; bill
 百褶裙 pleated skirt 高跟鞋 stilettos
 短袜 socks 无袖外衣 tabard
 回形针 paper clip
 汉语爱以具体比喻抽象
 蚕食
 to nibble
 势如破竹
 with irresistible force; like splitting a bamboo; like a knife cutting
through butter
 如日中天
 like the sun at high noon; at the apex of one’s power, career, etc
 手忙脚乱
 in a frantic rush
 顺水推舟
 to push the boat along with current; to make use of opportunity
to gain one’s end
 2 中国人重整体，西方人重个体
 1 ）汉语词义一般较笼统，英语词义一般较具体
 摩托车 motorcycle sidecar machine touring moped
 车 bus minibus lorry taxi medium van
 articulated vehicle 连结车 motor coach 长途客车
 double-decker bus convertible 摺蓬车 limousine
 胡子 beard full beard/circular beard/round beard 大胡子 shadow
小胡子 whiskers handlebars/moustache 八字胡 goatee/chintuft
山羊胡 military moustache Vandyke beard stubble 残须
 2 ）汉语表意较模糊，英语表意较准确
 你有笔吗？
 Have you got a pen? Have you got pens? Have you got any pens?
Have you got some pens? Have you got the pen? Have you got the
pens?
 汉英词义的四种关系
1 ，对应 correspondence/equivale
nce
2 ，包孕 inclusion
3 ，交叉 intersection
4 ，空缺 zero
词义相符 semantic corresponden
ce
 人类生活在共同的、大体一致的生态环境和历史环境中，人
类的感官功能、基本心理过程和思维结构是大致相同的。因
此，除了语言的特定语义构成环境参照外，还有一个广泛的、
共同的一般语义构成环境，这也是为什么操不同语言的群体
之间可以进行接触和交流的根本原因。所以，不同语言之间
必然存在词义相符的关系。
 有些词语在没有特指语言环境的情况下，只具备指称意义，
如：
 森林 forest
 温室效应 greenhouse effect
 历史遗产 historical heritage
 有些词语指称意义、语用意义同时具备。
 宝玉穿着大红金蟒狐腋箭袖，外罩石青貂裘排穗褂。
 Baoyu was wearing his red archer’s tunic embroidered
with golden dragons and lined with fox-fur under a frin
ged bluish-grey stable coat.
 他是只狡猾的老狐狸。
 He is an old fox.
 那本书的作者没有自己的观点，书里都是人云亦云的东西。
 That book, whose author doesn’t seem to have his own
viewpoints, is full of parrot-learned knowledge.
 值得注意的是，在寻找词义相符的对应词语时，容易找到貌
似对应的假对应词语，即指称意义、言内意义或语用意义看
似与原文相符，实则相异的词语。
 拳头产品
 fist product/ knockout product
 五种“假朋友”
 1 ）生搬硬套字面意义所产生的“假朋友”
 白菜 white cabbage/ Chinese cabbage
 电杆 electrical pole/ wire pole/telegraph pole
 大片 big movie/blockbuster
 青春痘 youth spot/acne
 蝴蝶结 butterfly knot/bow
 长镜头 long lens/zoom lens
 不冻港 non-freezing port/ice-free port
 隐形眼镜 invisible glasses/ contact lenses
 买一赠一 Buy one, present one./ Buy one, get o
ne free.
 冷餐会 cold food get-together/ buffet meal (lunch,
party, reception)
 流动资金 circulating capital/ working capital
 2 ）只对应字面意义而忽略指称意
义差别

原文 假朋友 正确译文
绿豆 Green bean 青豆、嫩菜或四季 mung bean
豆
试穿 To have a fit 发脾气 To try sth. on
食言 Eat one’s words 收回前言；道 Break a promise
歉
番茄酱 Tomato sauce ketchup
吃意大利面或披萨是用的调味酱
酸奶 Sour milk 发酸的变质的牛奶 Yoghurt
黄色书籍 Yellow book 黄皮书 / 法国政府 Pornography book
报告
翻天覆地 To move heaven and earth World-shaking
竭尽全力
街上的女孩 Street girl 妓女 The girl on the street
酒店 Wine shop 卖酒的商店 Hotel/restaurant
只对应指称意义而忽视语用意义差异
 农民 peasant /farmer
 物美价廉 cheap and good/ economical and
good
 个人主义
 唯心主义
 自由主义
 词义的褒贬和语境
 不顾具体搭配而产生的假朋友

 恶性循环 vicious circle

 恶性肿瘤 malignant tumor
 恶性通货膨胀 inflationary spiral
 副（总统、经理、教授、司令、食品、作用、标
题）
 Vice president deputy manager associate pro
fessor assistant commanding officer non-st
aple food side effect subheading
 一次性付款 lump-sum payment/one-off payment
 一次性拖鞋 disposable slippers
 个人卫生 personal hygienicy
 公共卫生 public health
 环境卫生 environmental sanitation
 国税 government revenue
 关税 custom duties
 所得税 income tax
 税率 tariff rates
 他待人比较保守。
 He is rather reserved in dealing with others.
 他觉得父母的思想太保守。
 He thinks his parents are too old-fashioned i
n their way of thinking.
 He regards his parent’s ideas as outdated.
 他原来是个聪明好学的学生。
 He used to be a bright and diligent student.
 你不要跟我耍小聪明。
 Don’t play your little tricks on me.
 Save your little games for someone else.
 有些人聪明反被聪明误。
 Some people are too smart for their own good.
 Some people fall victim to their own cleverness.
A heavy viewer High price
A heavy investor High speed
A heavy thinker High causalities
A heavy reader High insult
A heavy father High wind
A heavy sea High ideas/aims/purpose
Heavy food High period
Heavy news High season
A heavy schedule High language
A heavy day High manner
A tree heavy with fruit High moment
A story heavy with lies High life
A man with heavy features High circles
 不顾具体搭配而产生的假朋友

 Enjoy parental protection Enjoy

grassroots support
 Enjoy a series of privileges Enjoy
red-carpet treatment
 Enjoy market supremacy
 Enjoy low inflation and high rates of
growth
 Enjoy double-digit growth Enjoy the
occasional spree
 Enjoy the greenery Enjoy the revival
 Enjoy a political honeymoon Enjoy a
dry day
 Suffer a stroke suffer mental disorder
 Suffer an earthquake suffer steady economi
c deterioration
 Suffer serious consequences suffer a fire
 Suffer speech problems suffer poor service
 Suffer periodic shortage suffer the strains
of success
 由于不同语言有不同的选择限制，汉英两种语言中
某些对应的词语搭配范围是不尽相同的。
 首先，使用范围大小不同。
 其次，可引申的程度或引申义不同。
 最后，上下义词的搭配分工不同。在汉语中泛指一
般动作的动词只能与泛指一般事物的名词搭配，表
示具体动作的动词往往只能与表示具体事物的名词
搭配；英语一般不受此限制。
 正要朦胧睡去，听得竹枝上不知
有多少家雀儿的声儿，啾啾唧唧
叫个不停。

As she was dozing off, she heard

sparrows twittering on the bamboo.

She was just beginning to doze off when the Sparrows

struck up their dawn-chorus from their nets in the bambo
搞个计划 To make a plan; to draw up a plan
To seek for privileges; to use one’s
搞特殊化 power
to pursue personal perquisites and
现在有很多青年人搞个体经营。 privileges
Many young people are now embarking
in private enterprises.
我们搞的是现代化，是中国式的现
The modernization we are striving for is
代化。 modernization of a Chinese type.

我们说话算数，不搞小动作。 We say this in good faith. We do not

play petty games/tricks.
能不能尽快把科技搞上去，这是 Whether science and technology can
be pushed forward as quickly as
一个关系到社会主义全局，关系 possible is a question of vital
到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。 importance for socialist construction
as a whole
但我的事现在搞得满城风雨，人人 and for the destiny and future of our
country.
皆知了。
But there had been too much publicity
about my case.
搞好治理整顿，也离不开深化改革。
The success of improvement and
rectification cannot be separated from
deepened reform.
 汉英词语搭配比较
 成语搭配
 成语是一种研习而成的特殊固定词组。从内容、形式上看，成语具有如下特点：
1 ）意义的整体性； 2 ）结构的凝固性。
 汉语 成语以“四字格”为基本格式，有几种汉语成语包含虚指成分，翻译成其
他语言时可以不译。如：
 1 ）修饰成分——有些含修饰成分的成语，其修饰成分可以不译
 江洋大盗
 An infamous robber or pirate
 左右为难
 Stick in the mud
 江湖骗子
 Swindler or charlatan
 江河日下
 Go from bad to worse; be on the decline
 做贼心虚
 Have a guilty conscience
 2) 典故成分——有些含典故成分的成语，其典故成
分属于虚意，即已失去典故性，可以不译
 终南捷径
 Shortcut to success
 毛遂自荐
 To volunteer one’s service
 南柯一梦
 Illusory joy; fond dream
 罄竹难书
 (of crimes) too numerous to mention
 3) 重叠成分——有一些四字词组前两个字和
后两个字意义相同，其中一部分便属于虚意
 唉声叹气 have great sighs
 安营扎寨 make camp; encamp
 厚颜无耻 impudent; shameless
 洗心革面 turn over a new leaf
词义相异（ semantic non-correspon
dence)
 严格说来，汉英词汇之间，除去科技词汇外，
其余的应该是差别多于相同，相异多于相似。
 词汇语义范围不一样
 词的指称意义相同，但语用意义不同
 词的指称意义和语用意义都不同
黑死病是一种夺取过千百万人生命的疾病。 The Black Death was a disease that killed
millions.
太多的蒜破坏了肉的味道。
Too much garlic killed the taste of the
meat.
他给树浇了太多的水，把树浇死了。
He killed the tree by spraying it too heavily.

他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。
He kills time every day down at the park.

那次错误毁掉了他的机会。
对比表明，汉语“杀”要比英语“ Kill” 词义范围窄，
一般只能用于人和动物，不能用于植物或无生命的东西； That mistake killed his chances.
当然也有“杀风景”，“杀威风”等用法，但不及“ kill” 广泛。
他的笑话真是笑死人。所以，翻译时切不可一律以 kill 译“杀”
His joke nearly killed me.
The outstanding final killed the audience.
委员会提出那个提案，他们就把它否决了。 They killed the motion when it came from
the committee.
 武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，
一片声喝道：“放屁！放屁！”

Now Wu the priest longed much in his heart to eat

and so how could he be willing
 to listen to this explanation? He bellowed forth,
 “Pass your Wind—Pass your Wind!”
(All Men Are Brothers, Translated by S. Pearl Buck)

龙 凤
 词汇空缺 (lexical gap)
 词义空缺是指英汉语中互相缺乏对应的词语。这些
词语大多是各自语言中文化负荷较重的词汇。空缺
词义主要集中在名词，很少有动词，形容词和副词
更少。
 语言之间的词义空缺是普遍现象，概括起来大致有
5 个方面的原因：
 1 ）生活环境、生活经验的差异
 2 ）风俗习惯的差异
 3 ）宗教信仰的不同
 4 ）对客观世界认识的不同
 5 ）语言及非语言方面的因素
 词义空缺现象的处理

 由于原语文化和译语文化之间的差异，原语
符号和译语符号几乎不可能再指称、言内和
语用三个意义层面上一一对等。为了在译语
语法和惯用法的范围之内，保证特定上下文
中最突出或最重要的意义的优先传译，变通
和补偿手段是不可缺少的。
 常用的手段有加注、增益、视角转换、具体
化、概念化、释义等。
 1 ，音译 transliteration

原文 译文 原文 译文

气功 qigong 乌龙茶 oolong

太极 Tai chi 荔枝 litchi
风水 Feng shui 坎儿井 karez
功夫 Kong fu 胡同 hutong
阴阳 Yin-yang 武术 wushu
旗袍（长衫） cheongsam 衙门 yamen
馄饨 wonton 四合院 siheyuan
豆腐 Tofu 麻将 mahjong
杂碎 Chop suey 饮茶 Yum cha
饺子 jiaozi 喇嘛 lama
炒面 Chow mien 牌楼 pailou
 词义空缺现象的处理

 加注 annotation
卢信候道：“昨日在尊府，今日我方到这里。
你原来在这里做神仙，令我羡杀！”
庄征君道：“此间与人世绝院，虽非武陵，
亦差不多。你且在此住些时，只怕再来就要迷路了。”
《儒林外史》

“I went to your honorable house yesterday,” replied Lu,

“ and came on here today. •This was a fairy land described by
•the poet Tao Yuanming.
You are living like an immortal—how I envy you!” •A fisherman came here by accident
 “We are completely cut off from the world here,” • but though he marked
said Chuang, “Although this is not Peach Blossom Stream,* •the path by which he left, neither
•he nor others could
it comes very close to it. I hope you will pay us a long visit, • find this way back again.
 for next time you may not be able to find the way.”
1 ）永和九年，年在癸丑，暮春之初，
 会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。
2 ）群贤毕至，少长咸集。
3 ）此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，
 映带左右。
4 ）引以为流觞曲水，列坐其次。
5 ）虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。
6 ）是日也，天朗气清，慧风和畅。
7 ）仰视宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛，所以游目骋怀，
 足以极视听之娱，信可乐也。
 永和九年，年在癸丑，暮春之初，
 会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。
 群贤毕至，少长咸集。
 At the beginning of the late spring in the ninth year
of Yonghe, * that is, the year of Guichou according
to the lunar calendar, a group of learned scholars,
old and young, are gathered at the Orchid Pavilion
in the Shanyin County of Kuaiji Prefecture** to cel
ebrate the festival of Xi***.
 此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，
映带左右。
 Here are high mountains and lofty ridges wh
ich are overgrown with all bamboo groves a
nd dense forests.
 引以为流觞曲水，列坐其次。
 A clear stream with a rapidly running current
that winds like a belt, shinning in the bright s
un, is ideal for floating wine vessels****.
1 ） 2 ） At the beginning of the late spring in the ninth year of Yonghe, * that is,
 the year of Guichou according to the lunar calendar,
 a group of learned scholars, old and young, are gathered at the Orchid Pavilion
 in the Shanyin County of Kuaiji Prefecture**
 to celebrate the festival of Xi***.
3 ） Here are high mountains and lofty ridges which are overgrown with
 all bamboo groves and dense forests.
3 ） 4 ） A clear stream with a rapidly running current that winds like a belt,
 shinning in the bright sun, is ideal for floating wine vessels****.
 4 ） We sit by the water in proper order, sipping wine and composing poems.
5 ） Though lacking musical accompaniment, each of us is inclined to pour forth his innermost feelings.
6 ） It is a fine day. The sky is clear and the breeze is gentle.
7 ） Looking upward, we see the great expanse of the universe.
 Looking downward, we see the great variety of living things. Then we look around as far as
 the eyes can see and feel elated, enjoying ourselves to the utmost both visually and aurally.
 What a delightful experience it is!

1. The ninth year of Yonghe was 353 AD.

2. Shanyin County of Kuaiji Prefecture is today’s Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province.
3. The festival of Xi started in the Zhou Dynasty.
It was the custom of the ancient people to pay homage to the water god and
entertain themselves by the water on March the third in the lunar calendar.
4. an elegant by which the ancients enjoyed themselves.
People sat at the lower reach of a stream, composed poems and drank from the wine vessels
that were floated down from the upper reach of the stream where the wine was prepared.
 华清池龙吟榭
 Long Ying Xie (a pavilion built specially for empero
rs to recite poetry) in the Hua Qing Pool
 It had walked for hundreds of years, if not as benef
it-club as votive sister hood of some sort; and it wa
lked still.
 这个会如果不算养老送终的互助结社 * ，却是一种
立盟供神的妇女团体。它已经按期游行了好几百年
了，现在仍按期游行。
 * 英国结社之一种，会员交纳会费，作会员的养生，
送葬，老病残废的保险金。
 2, 增益 contextual amplification
 This Holland gin has a musty acrid flavor and the taste mus
t be acquired.
 这种荷兰杜松子酒有陈年苦味，没有喝惯是领略不到它的好
处的。
 Indeed, the Teheran government’s handpicked delegation t
o the Copenhagen Conference couldn’t have been better c
hosen by Allah himself to defend the Islamic revolution.
 说真的，由德黑兰政府一手挑选出来在哥本哈根会议上为伊
斯兰革命辩护的代表，堪称首屈一指，即使是真主本人，也
未必能选出必这更好的代表团了。
 庐山初识，匆匆五十年矣。山城之聚，金陵之晤，犹历历如
昨。别后音讯阔绝四十余年，诚属憾事。幸友谊尚存，两心
相通。每遇客从远方来，道及夫人起居，更引起怀旧之情。
近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。
 令姐孙夫人生前，极为思念夫人。每每言及夫人爱国情切，
必将致大力于中国之统一。孙夫人手足情深，亟盼生前能与
夫人一晤；曾亲笔致函夫人，然未能如愿，终成遗憾。尝读
夫人之《我将再起》，思感殊多。回首当年，国难方殷，夫
人致力全民抗战，促成国内团结，争取国际援助，弘扬抗日
民气，救助难童伤病，厥功至伟。今夫人年事虽高，犹时时
关心国家之强盛，民族之再起，于海峡两岸关系之缓和，亦
多所推动。夫人谋国之忠，诚如令姐孙夫人所言，我极为钦
佩！
 （《邓颖超致宋美龄的信》 1988 年 5 月）
 Two score and ten years have elapsed since our acquaintance at Mt. Lushan. Our gathering in Chon
gqing the Mountain City and our meeting in Nanjing the Stone City are still fresh in my mind as if they
were occurrences only of yesterday. Much to our regret, we had been out of correspondence for forty
odd years. Yet it is a comfort to us that we still retain friendship and mutual understanding. Every tim
e a friend comes afar and mentions your daily life, I cannot refrain from recalling our old associations.
It is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever.
 Your honorable sister Madame Soong missed you intensely during her life time. She, on many occasi
ons, reiterated your ardent patriotism and utter devotion to the reunification of China. Madame Soong
always cherished a sisterly affection for you and retained a strong aspiration to have a reunion with y
ou, for which she wrote you a letter. Yet she failed to fulfill her wish, which is a matter for regret. I hav
e had the honor to peruse your work I Shall Rise Again, which provoked abundant reflections in me. I
n retrospect, when national calamities plagued China, you made commendable contributions by dedi
cating yourself to the war of Resistance Against Japan and the unity of all forces in China, by striving
for the international assistance and enhancing the morale of the Chinese people in fighting against th
e Japanese aggressors and by helping to succor the refugee children and wounded soldiers. Despite
the fact that you are getting on in years, you still bear the prosperity of our country and the renaissan
ce of our nation in mind, which promotes the alleviation of the relationship between the two sides of t
he Taiwan Straits. Your utter allegiance to our country is just as what your honorable sister Madame
Soong had described, which really and truly commands my admiration.