Microprocessor System
Marks Distribution
TOTAL = 150 MARKS
THEORY = 100 Marks
75 Final Exam
25 Sessional (10 = Attendance, 15 = Class Performance / Test / Assignments)
PRACTICAL = 50 MARKS
10 Final Exam Viva Objective
20 Viva Voice
05 Practical Attendance
15 Practical / Practical Workbook
2
Recommended Books
Microprocessor Fundamentals By:
Roger Tokhiem
Microprocessor Principles &
Applications By: Charles M. Gilmore
Applications of Microprocessor By: A.P
Mathur
3
SESSION NO.1
Basics of Computers
Introduction
What is
Computer?
Computer is an Electronic device,
that takes input from user,
process it and provides output,
it is also capable of processing
pre-defined instructions
(programs), and have ability to
store data, it can perform
different task efficiently and
more quickly then human being.
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Introduction (Cont)
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices
4. Processing Devices
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Introduction (cont)
1. Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse (Track Ball, Light Pen, Joy
Stick, Game Pad, Touch Pad, Touch
Screen)
Scanner
Mic (voice synthesizer)
Webcam
Character Reader/ Bar Code Reader
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Introduction (cont)
2. Output Devices
Monitor / Multimedia Projector
Printer/ Plotter
Speaker/ Headphones
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Introduction (cont)
3. Storage Devices
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Introduction (cont)
MEMORY
A semiconductor storage device
consisting of registers that store
binary bits
Two major categories:
1. Read/Write Memory (R/W) /
RAM (Random Access Memory)
2. Read-only-Memory (ROM)
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RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
(RAM)
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RAM ON MOTHERBOARD
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READ ONLY MEMORY
(ROM)
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ROM ON MOTHERBOARD
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Introduction (cont)
Memory Units
Smallest Unit for Computer Memory is BIT, that can store one binary
digit either 1 0r 0
Processor or Virtual Storage Disk Storage
· 1 Bit = Binary Digit · 1 Bit = Binary Digit
· 8 Bits = 1 Byte · 8 Bits = 1 Byte
· 1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte · 1000 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
· 1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte · 1000 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
· 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte · 1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
· 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte · 1000 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
· 1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte · 1000 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
· 1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte · 1000 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
· 1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte · 1000 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
· 1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte · 1000 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
· 1024 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte · 1000 Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
· 1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte · 1000 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte
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Introduction (cont)
4. Processing Devices
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MOTHERBOARD
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MICROPROCESSOR- TOP
VIEW
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MICROPROCESOSR- BOTTOM
VIEW
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WHERE TO INSERT PROCESSOR
ON MOTHERBOARD
ZIF SOCKET PROCESSOR SLOT PROCESSOR
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GENARATIONS OF COMPUTER
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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial
Intelligence
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First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
In electronics, a vacuum tube,
electron tube (in North
America), or thermionic valve
(elsewhere, especially in
Britain) is a device used to
amplify, switch, otherwise
modify, or create an electrical
signal by controlling the
movement of electrons in a
low-pressure space.
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Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
A transistor is a
semiconductor device used to
amplify and switch electronic
signals. It is made of a solid
piece of semiconductor
material, with at least three
terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
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Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
An integrated circuit (IC),
sometimes called a chip or
microchip, is a semiconductor
wafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors,
capacitors, and transistors are
fabricated. An IC can function
as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, counter, computer
memory, or microprocessor.
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Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
A group of electronic circuits
fabricated on a semiconductor
chip that can read binary
instructions written in
memory and process binary
data according to those
instructions
CPU and MPU
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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Speech Reorganization Software
Computers are now pocket size
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Expert Systems AI Robots
Scaling of ICs
SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic components per chip
MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000 electronic
components per chip
LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic
components per chip
VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to 1,000,000
electronic components per chip
ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic
components per chip
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APPLICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR
Signal Processing:
Signal processing is an
area that demands high
performance from
microprocessor to perform
complex mathematical
tasks.
An example of a signal
processing application is
the decoding of digital
television and radio
signals
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APPLICATIONS. . .
Real Time Application:
Some tasks need to be
performed so quickly that even
the slightest delay can be
harmful.
These applications are known as
"real time systems", and timing
is of the up most importance.
An example of a real-time
system is the anti-lock braking
system (ABS) controller in
modern automobiles.
Some real time applications are:
video conferencing, online
gamming, e-commerce, chatting,
etc.
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APPLICATIONS. . .
Routing:
Throughput and routing is the
use of a processor where data is
moved from one place to
another place.
An example is an Internet
router, that reads in data
packets and sends them out on
a different port.
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APPLICATIONS. . .
Sensor Monitoring:
A sensor is a device that
measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can
be read by an observer or by an
instrument.
Many processors are used to
monitor sensors.
The microprocessor will either
digitize and filter the sensor
signals, or it will read the signals
and produce status outputs.
An example of a sensor
monitoring processor is the
processor inside an antilock brake
system: This processor reads the
brake sensor to determine when
the brakes have locked up, and
then outputs a control signal to
activate the rest of the system.
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APPLICATION . . .
General Computing:
A general purpose processor
is like the kind of processor
that is typically found inside
a desktop PC.
Names such as Intel and
AMD are typically associated
with this type of processor,
and this is also the kind of
processor that the public is
most familiar with.
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APPLICATIONS . . .
Graphics:
Processing of digital graphics
is an area where specialized
processor units are frequently
employed. With the advent of
digital television, graphics
processors are becoming more
common.
Graphics processors need to
be able to perform multiple
simultaneous operations.
In digital video, for instance, a
million pixels or more will need
to be processed for every
single frame, and a particular
signal may have 60 frames per
second.
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APPLICATIONS . . .
Process Control:
One of the application areas of
MP is process control. In a
typical process control
application, the MP continuously
monitors one or more process
variables and generates outputs
to electro-mechanical elements.
For example in temperature
monitoring systems, one of the
process variable is “temperature”
which will be monitored and
displayed continuously.
The systems has facility to input
lower and upper limits of
temperature being monitored. If
at any moment these limits are
violated, alarms must be set.
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APPLICATIONS . . . (Process
control)
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End of lecture No.1
QUIZ…
