WELCOME!
♥
“A baby is
God’s
opinion that
life should
go on.”
-- Carl Sandburg,
American Historian, Poet & Novelist
INFANTS
TODDLERS
FOUNDATION:
THE FIRST THREE
YEARS OF LIFE
Chary Deb C. Orpilla
John Daryl H. Velarde
Anisa J. Musa
The Physical Development of Infants
and Toddlers
The Cognitive Development of
Infants
and Toddlers
The Socio-Emotional Development of
Infants and Toddlers.
OBJECTIVES:
Trace the physical, cognitive, and
socio-emotional developments of
Infants and Toddlers.
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Patterns
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
An infant’s length increases by
30 percent in the first five months.
A baby’s weight triples during the
first year but slows down in the
second year of life.
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
(Myelination)/Myelinization)
- It increases the speed at which
information travels through the nervous
system.
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Infants and Toddlers begin from
reflexes, to grow motor skills and fine
motor skills.
STARTLE
(First Word) (Second Word)
C
TONIC NECK
Reflex Description
Sucking When something touches the roof of an infant’s
mouth
Rooting When infant’s cheek is stroked
Gripping When babies have something in their palm
Curling When the inner sole and outer of their foot is
stroked.
Startle/Moro When they hear sudden sounds
Galant When the baby’s middle or lower back is stroked
Tonic Neck When babies are placed on their abdomens
Physical Health
Age Description
0 -6 Startles to loud sounds, visually follows a moving object,
months reacts to pain by crying, when in contact with hot or cold,
reacts with pleasure and making a face
7 – 12 Reacts with pleasure and making a face
months
13 – 18 months Plays without tiring easily.
19 – 24 months Sustains physical activity
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
It involves the use of the small
muscles controlling the hand,
fingers, and thumb.
Fine Motor Skills
Age Description
0 -6 Hands open, brings hands towards toy, uses
months 5 fingers in making a motion
7 – 12 Pulls, picks up objects with thumb and index
months fingers
13 – 18 Puts objects in/out of container, holds
months objects with 5 fingers
19 – 24 Colors with strokes
months
Can newborns see?
Can newborns hear?
Can newborns differentiate
odors?
Can newborns feel pain? Do they
respond to touch?
Can newborns distinguish different
tastes?
Are infants capable of intermodal
perception?
Thank you!♥
The Cognitive
Development of Infants
and Toddlers
“Infants and toddlers are born ready
to learn. They learn through listening,
trying out sounds, tasting foods and
exploring their environments in
countless ways everyday.”
- Kahlil Gibran
Cognitive Development
In infancy, it refers to development in the way
a baby thinks. This includes his/her language,
communication and exploration skills. Example of
cognitive activities include paying attention,
remembering learning to talk, interacting with toys
and identifying faces.
There are four (4) stages of cognitive
development according to Piaget:
I. Sensorimotor Stage
II. The Preoperational Stage
III. The Concrete Operational Stage
IV. The Formal Operational Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
It is the first of the four stages of the
cognitive development.
Infants construct an understanding of the
world by coordinating sensory experiences
(such a seeing and hearing) with physical,
motoric actions.
Infants gain knowledge of the world
from the physical actions they perform
on it.
An infant progresses from reflexive,
instinctual actions at birth to the
beginning of symbolic thought toward
the end of the stage.
Sensorimotor six (6) sub-stages:
Sub-stages Age Description
1. Simple Reflexes Birth - 6 weeks Coordination of sensation and action though reflexive behaviors.
2. First habits and primary 6 weeks - 4 Coordination of sensation and two types of schemes; habits (reflex) and primary
circular reactions phase months circular reactions.
3. Secondary circular reactions 4 – 8 months Development of habits. Infants become, more object-oriented, moving beyond
phase self-preoccupation repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results.
4. Coordination of reactions 8 – 12 months Coordination of vision and touch-hand-eye coordination; of schemes and
stage secondary circular intentionality.
5. Tertiary circular reactions, 12 – 18 months Infants become intrigued by the marry properties of objects and by the many
novelty and curiosity things they can make happen to objects; they experiment with new behavior.
6. Internalization of Schemes 18 – 24 months Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring
(Invention of New Means
Through Mental Combination mental representation.
By the end of the sensorimotor period,
objects are both separate from the self and
permanent.
Object Permanence is the understanding
that objects continue to exist even when they
cannot be seen, heard, or touched.
Learning and Remembering
Do infants learn and remember?
Yes! Povlov’s classic conditioning and
Skinner’s operant conditioning has been
proven to apply to infants. All of us experience
infantile (childhood) amnesia, the inability to
recall events that happened when we were
very young.
Language Development
From day one, infants appear to be
programmed to tune in to their linguistic
environment with the specific goal of acquiring
language.
Within the first years of life, we humans
seems to progress through the following stages in
producing language;
I. Cooing which compares largely vowel sounds
II. Babbling which comprises consonant as well as
vowel sounds
III.One-word utterances
IV.Two-word utterances and telegraphic speech
V. Basic adult sentence structure (present by about
age 4 years with continuing vocabulary
acquisition
Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Noam Chomsky (1965-1972), noted linguist,
claims that humans have an innate language
acquisition device (LAD). This LAD is a “
metaphorical organ that is responsible for
language learning.
Thank you!♥
The Socio-Emotional
Development of
Infants and Toddlers
Formative Years
Much has been said about the
importance of the first three years in
human development they are so-called
Formative Years.
The Elements of Socio-Emotional of Children
ATTACHMENT
Dr. Edward John Mostyn
Bowlby, the father of
attachment theory.
The beginnings of
attachment occur within the first
6 months of a baby's life with a
variety of built-in signals that
baby uses to keep her caregiver
engaged.
TEMPERAMENT
How a child responds emotionally to
objects, events, and people is a reflection
of his individual temperament .
9 Different Temperament Categories
by researchers Thomas, Chess and Birch
Activity Level Approach-
Mood withdrawal
Threshold for Distractibility
distress Adaptability
Rhythmicity Persistence
Intensity of
response
3 Basic Types of Temperament
by psychiatrists Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess
The easy child
The difficult child
The slow-to-warm-up
child
The Development of Emotions
Age Description
Early Infancy Between six and ten weeks a social smile emerges.
(birth-6 Around three or four months laughter begins.
months)
Later Infancy During the last half of the first year, infants begins expressing
Months (7-12 fear, disgust and anger.
months) Fear as children become able to compare an unfamiliar event.
Separation anxiety, when a mother or a caregiver leaves
them in an unfamiliar place.
Toddler Years During the Second year, they express their emotions of
( 1-2 ) shame, embarrassment and pride.
Emotional Understanding
Toddlers acquire language and are learning to
verbally express their feelings.
If infants are uncomfortable, they maybe able
to communicate this state by crying.
In Toddlerhood, empathy appears usually by
the age of two.
Children read others' emotional cues and take
the perspective of another person.
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
The first two stages of (of the 8
stages of a person's psychosocial
development ) apply at the periods of
infancy and toddlerhood.
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infants 0 to
1 year)
Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs.
Mistrust
Virtue: Hope
It centers around the infant's basic
needs being met by the parents.
Will: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(Toddlers 2-3 years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
Main Question: "Can I do things myself or
must I always rely on others?
Virtue: Will
As they gain muscular coordination and
mobility, toddlers become capable of satisfying
some of their own needs.
Thank YOU for
lending your
ears!♥
