Unit 2
SIMON’S MODEL OF DECISION
MAKING
Decision Support Systems
DSS
A decision support system is an
interactive computer-based system that
serves the decision making needs of
managers. It provides managers with
information that enables them to make
both semi-structured and unstructured
decisions.
The Decision Support Systems can be divided into following
categories:
On the basis of Technology
Model-driven DSS
Data-drivenDSS
Communication-driven DSS
Document-driven DSS
Knowledge-driven DSS
Web-based DSS
on the basis of nature of operations:
FileDrawer System:
Data Analysis Systems:
Information Analysis System:
Accounting and Financial Support
System:
Representation or Solver Model:
Optimization Model:
Suggestion System:
Categorization of DSS on the Basis of
Inputs
Text-Oriented DSS
Database Oriented
Spreadsheet Oriented
Rule Oriented
Solver (specific situation) Oriented
Compound/Hybrid
Categorization of DSS on the Basis of Support Offered
PersonalDSS
Group DSS
Organizational DSS
Categorization of DSS on the Basis of
Type and Frequency of Decision Making
Institutional
DSS:
Ad-hoc DSS:
Components of a Decision
Support System
Designing and Building a Decision
Support System
Intelligence
Design
Choice
Implementation
Group Decision Support System (GDSS)
A group decision support system (GDSS)
is an interactive computer-based system
that facilitates a number of decision-
makers (working together in a group) in
finding solutions to problems that are
unstructured in nature.
Components of Group Decision Support
System (GDSS)
Hardware
Software Tools
People
Features of Group Decision
Ease of Use:
Support System (GDSS)
Better DecisionMaking:
Emphasis on Semi-structured and
Unstructured Decisions:
Specific and General Support:
Supports all Phases of the Decision
Making:
Supports Positive Group
Behavior:
Group Decision Support System (GDSS) Software Tools
Electronic Questionnaire:
Electronic Brainstorming Tools:
Idea Organizer:
Tools for Setting Priority:
Policy Formation Tool:
Executive Support System
Executive support systems are intended to be
used by the senior managers directly to
provide support to non-programmed decisions
in strategic management.
These information are often external,
unstructured and even uncertain
This information is intelligence based −
Market intelligence
Investment intelligence
Technology intelligence
Features of Executive Information
System
Advantages of ESS
Easy for upper level executive to use
Ability to analyze trends
Enhance personal thinking and decision-making
Enhance organizational competitiveness in the market place
Instruments of change
Better reporting system
Improve office automation
Reduce time for finding information
Early identification of company performance
Better understanding
Time management
Increased communication capacity and quality
Disadvantage of ESS
Functions are limited
Executive may encounter information
overload
System may become slow
Difficult to keep current data
May lead to less reliable and insecure
data
Excessive cost for small company
Knowledge Management System
(KMS)
A knowledge management system (KMS) is a tool used by
companies to help organize documentation, frequently
asked questions, and other information into easily
accessible formats for both internal and external
customers.
Knowledge management is the process of identifying,
gathering, storing, evaluating, and sharing all of the
valuable information organizations create in their day-to-
day operations. It involves capturing answers to frequently
(and not so frequently) asked questions and documenting
them in an easy-to-understand format across multiple file
types, like step-by-step written articles, videos, or images.
What are the types of knowledge to
include in knowledge management?
Explicit knowledge
Implicit knowledge
Tacit knowledge
Benefits of a knowledge management
system
1. Organizes and makes information
accessible from a single source of truth
2. Keeps information up to date
3. Makes self-service functionalities more
effective and deflects support tickets
4. Allows agents to share and reuse
knowledge and learnings
5. Empowers customers to help themselves
and improves customer satisfaction
6. Provides more detailed help to customers
Who can use a knowledge management system?
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
ENTERPRISE KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
INTERNAL KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
How to implement a knowledge
management system
Startcapturing the information
you want to document
Arrange the information with your
audience in mind
Track and analyze feedback
Update your KMS regularly
UNIT 3
What is a System?
The word System is derived from Greek
word Systema, which means an organized
relationship between any set of
components to achieve some common
cause or objective.
A system is “an orderly grouping of
interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a
specific goal.”
What is a System?
The word System is derived from Greek
word Systema, which means an organized
relationship between any set of
components to achieve some common
cause or objective.
A system is “an orderly grouping of
interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a
specific goal.”
Types of Systems
Physicalor abstract systems
Open or closed systems
Deterministic or probabilistic systems
Man-made information systems
System Related Concept
Boundary
Interface
Black Box
System Decomposition
System Integration
Systems Analysis
It is a process of collecting and
interpreting facts, identifying the
problems, and decomposition of a system
into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the
purpose of studying a system or its parts
in order to identify its objectives.
Analysis specifies what the system
should do.
Stages of System Analysis
Requirement Determination
Itis a part of software requirement
specification(SRS) is the starting point of
the system development activity.
This is the most difficult and most error
prone activity.
Requirement Determination activities
Understanding the process
Identified the data used and information
generated
Determine Frequency, timing, and volume
Know the performance controls
Strategies for Requirement
Determination
Interview
Questionnaire
Record Review
Observation
Structured Analysis Tools
Structured Analysis Tools hepl the system
analyst to document the system
specification of a system to be built.
The main tools are ,
1. Data Flow Diagram(DFD)
2. Data Dictionary
3. Structured English
4. Decision Trees
5. Decision Tables
1. Data Flow Diagram
Data flow diagrams are used to
graphically represent the flow of data in a
business information system. DFD
describes the processes that are involved
in a system to transfer data from the input
to the file storage and reports generation.
Data flow diagrams can be divided into
1. LOGICAL
2. PHYSICAL.
The logical data flow diagram describes flow
of data through a system to perform certain
functionality of a business.
The physical data flow diagram describes the
implementation of the logical data flow.
Symbols Used in DFD
2. Data Dictionary
A Data Dictionary is a collection of
names, definitions, and attributes about
data elements that are being used or
captured in a database, information
system, or part of a research project.
3. Decision tree
Decision tree is the most powerful and
popular tool for classification and
prediction. A Decision tree is a flowchart
like tree structure, where each internal
node denotes a test on an attribute, each
branch represents an outcome of the test,
and each leaf node (terminal node) holds a
class label.
4. Structured English
Structured English is used to express all
logic in terms of sequential structures,
decision structures, iterations and case
structures.
This modified form of English is used to
specify the logic of information processes
by using a subset of English vocabulary to
express process procedures.
Decision tables
A decision table is a scheduled rule logic
entry, in table format, that consists of
conditions, represented in the row and
column headings, and actions, represented
as the intersection points of the
conditional cases in the table.
