Vaccine And its type with examples
submitted to : Rajesh Dabor
submitted by: Anshu
rollno. :2213
Introduction to Vaccines
Vaccines play a vital role in protecting individuals from various infectious
diseases by stimulating the immune system to create an immune response. They
are made from either weakened or inactivated forms of the microbe, its toxins, or
one of its surface proteins. This enables the body to recognize and fight the
infection if it is ever exposed to the real pathogen. Vaccines have significantly
reduced or eradicated many infectious diseases, saving millions of lives. They
are a cornerstone of public health and continue to be at the forefront of medical
advancements.
History of Vaccine Discovery
1 Early Observations
The concept of immunization through inoculation was practiced in ancient civilizations to prevent
smallpox.
2 Edward Jenner's Breakthrough
In the late 18th century, Jenner pioneered the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus, leading to the
birth of modern vaccinology.
3 Expansion of Vaccine Development
Throughout the 20th century, advancements in microbiology and virology led to the discovery and
development of vaccines for various diseases.
Types of Vaccines
Inactivated Vaccines Live Attenuated Subunit, Recombinant,
Vaccines and Conjugate Vaccines
These vaccines use a dead
version of the germ that causes a These vaccines use a weakened These vaccines use specific
disease to stimulate an immune form of the germ that causes a pieces of the germ, such as its
response. disease to trigger an immune protein, to provoke an immune
response. response.
Inactivated Vaccines
1 Production Process 2 Example Vaccines 3 Effectiveness and
Duration
Inactivated vaccines are Common inactivated
created by killing the vaccines include the polio They generally require
disease-causing microbe vaccine, hepatitis A multiple doses to build
using heat, chemicals, or vaccine, and the rabies immunity and often
radiation. vaccine. provide long-lasting
protection.
Live Attenuated Vaccines
Production Method Common Examples Immune Response
Live vaccines use a weakened Polio vaccine, measles, They usually provide strong
form of the germ, which can mumps, and rubella vaccine and long-lasting immunity
still replicate but not cause are all examples of live after a single dose.
disease. attenuated vaccines.
Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate
Vaccines
Subunit Vaccines Recombinant Vaccines Conjugate Vaccines
Contain only the essential antigens Genetically engineered to produce Combine a weak antigen with a
of the pathogen, reducing the risk specific antigens for immune strong one to enhance the immune
of side effects. response induction. response.
Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Technology Advancement Future Potential
Nucleic acid vaccines use genetic material like They represent a promising platform for quick
DNA or RNA to incite an immune response. vaccine development in response to emerging
diseases.
Production of Vaccines using Eggs
100M 1940s
Influenza Vaccines Historical Use
Approximately 100 million doses of influenza vaccine Egg-based vaccine production dates back to the 1940s
are produced using chicken eggs each year. and remains a common method.
Production of Vaccines using Cell Cultures
Method Production in cell cultures involves growing the
virus in animal cells rather than eggs.
Advantages This method can be faster and can provide a
solution for people with egg allergies.
Examples Some vaccines produced using cell cultures include
the hepatitis A vaccine and the rabies vaccine.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Vaccines
Advantages:
• Prevent the spread of infectious diseases
• Protect individuals from serious illnesses
• Help develop herd immunity
• Reduce the risk of outbreaks
Disadvantages:
• Possible side effects, although rare
• Not 100% effective for everyone
• Religious or philosophical objections
• Cost and accessibility issues in some areas
