RENAISSANCE

UNIT 5
3ºESO
INDEX
1. THE HISPANIC EMPIRE
2. CARLOS I AND FELIPE II
3. THE REFORMATION
4. THE ORIGINS OF THE RENAISSANCE
5. ART
1. THE HISPANIC EMPIRE
INHERITANCE OF CARLOS I OF SPAIN AND V OF GERMANY:

Paternal Granparents Maternal Grandparents

Maximiliano I María de Borgoña Isabella I of Castile Ferdinand II of Aragón

- Austria - Low - Aragón,

- Castile and
Countries Balears,
Canaries
Catalunya and
- Right to be - Burgundy Valencia
Holy Roman - Americas
Emperor - Naples, Sicily,
Milan, Sardinia
This made Charles the most powerful man in Europe. He was born in
Flanders in the Low Countries, and when he became King of Castile
in 1516, he hardly spoke any Castilian. However, he spent most of
his life in Castile, because it was rich, and he needed to collect taxes
there.

In 1556 Charles abdicated. He considered his empire too big for

one person to rule, so he split it into two parts:

• His son Philip II got Castile, Aragón, the Low Countries, much
of Italy and the Americas
• His brother Ferdinand I got Austria, Hungary and Bohemia. He
also became Holy Roman Emperor

Later, in 1580, the King of Portugal died childless, and Philip

inherited Portugal and all of its empire in Africa, Asia and Brazil.
 MADRID BECOMES THE CAPITAL:

Charle’s court travelled from one country to another, depending on

where there were problems. However, Philip had a fixed court in
Madrid. Before that, Madrid was only a small town.

USEFUL WORDS:

• The name Holy Roman Empire is confusing: really it was a

union of many small states in Central Europe, mostly in
Germany. The emperor was elected by the most powerful
princes and bishops.
• Charle’s grandfather Maximilian was from the Habsburg
family, so Charles and his successors are known as the
Habsburg dynasty os Spanish kings.
• Abdicate: to choose to stop being king or queen.
Posesiones de Carlos V y de Felipe II
2. Charles I and Philip II -
governing the empire
Charles I and Philip II did not rule their empire as a single country. Instead,
each kingdom had its own laws and stem of government. This sometimes made
the emperor’s job very difficult, but most of the time Charles and Philip were
very successful rulers.

Charles and Philip believed that their most important tasks were:

· Protecting the empire against other countries

· Defending the Catholic faith against Protestants and Muslims

They also had to defeat a few rebellions. Protecting the empire was very
expensive, and people had to pay high taxes. Charles and Philip went into
debt, and Philip even went bankrupt several times.

l
 PROTECTING THE EMPIRE: Charles and Philip
•
were constantly fighting wars to defend their
empire. The most important wars were:
• ITALIAN WARS (1521-59): The French king Francis I
attacked Charle’s Italian kingdoms many times, but never
achieved a major victory.

• WAR AGAINST THE OTTOMAN TURKS: The Turks were

expanding their empire, and they wanted to control the
Mediterranean. They won several important sea battles,
but in 1571 the Spanish and Venetians destroyed the
Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (below).
• DEFENDING CATHOLICISIM: Everyone in the empire had to be a Roman
Catholic. Philip used the Inquisition to punch heretics, and many books
were prohibited.

Many people in the Low Countries were Protestants, and so in

1566 they rebelled against the Spanish. This led to a war that lasted
80 years.

• THE COMUNERO REBELLION: In 1520, many towns in Castile rebelled

against Charles because:

• They had to pay high taxes

• He gave the most important jobs in his government to people
from Flanders, and not from Castile

At first the rebels were successful, but finally Charles defeated them
with the help of the Castilian nobles. The rebel leaders were executed,
but Charles also reformed his government: he replaced his advisers
from Flanders with people from Castile.
 USEFUL WORDS:
• Inquisition: an organization in the Catholic Church which
punished people who did not accept the Church’s teachings
• Heretic: someone who believes something that disagrees with
official beliefs
• Bankrupt: unable to pay your debts

Carlos I ended up abdicating his son Felipe II and retired to the

Yuste monastery in Cáceres, where he stayed until his death at the
age of 58.

With the reign of Felipe II, the Hispanic monarchy separated from
the Germanic Empire, as part of the Empire will be inherited by the
brother of Carlos V and uncle of Felipe II, Fernando I.
 3. The Reformation
In the 15th century, many people thought that the Roman Catholic Church was
corrupt. Martin Luther and John Calvin said that the Church needed to be
reformed. The movement that they started is therefore known as the
Reformation. They and their followers protested about things that the Catholic
Church did, so they were known as Protestants.

WHAT DID THEY PROTEST AGAINST?

·The sale of indulgences: some priests said that if you paid money to the
Church, your sins would be forgiven. This made some of the clergy very rich.

·Some people paid to get important jobs in the Church. These people were
not very religious: they were just interested in the power and wealth of the
Church.

· Many priests were not properly trained.

 MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)
In 1515, Pople Leo X started selling indulgences to raise money for the new St.
Peter’s Basilica in Rome. A German monk called Martin Lugher considered that
only God can grant forgiveness. He wrote 95 theses against indulgences, which
he fixed to the door of the Church of Wittengberg. Soon they were translated
into German and printed, so very many people read them. Later, Luther
criticized many other teachings of the Catholic Church. He said that:

· Christians can pray directly to God

·The Bible is not the only source of truth, and people should interpret it
themselves

· People are saved by their faith, no their acts

·People shouldn’t pray to the Virgin Mary or the saints; he thought that was
idolatry

· Priests should be allowed to marry

The pope ordered Luther to take back what he had said, but Luther refused, so
he was excommunicated
l
 THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION
The ideas of Luther and Calvin soon spread:

- In the north of Europe, and parts of Germany, many countries

reflected the pope. They were still Christian, but they were no
longer part of the Catholic Church

- In southern Europe, most countries remained Catholic

 THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

The Catholic Church realized that it needed to do something to stop

the spread of Protestantism, so it:
·Introduced reforms: The pope stopped the sale of indulgences,
and improved the training of priests.
·Confirmed the doctrine of the Catholic Church: The Council of
Trent (1545-1563) rejected Luther’s teachings.
·Spread the Catholic faith: The Catechism was written to explain the
true teachings of the Catholic Church. New religious orders, including
the Jesuits, spread those teachings all over Europe.

The disagreements between the Catholics and Protestants increased

religious intolerance in Europe. This led to many wars.
 4. The origins of the Renaissance

In the 14th century, the Black Death killed around a third of Europe’s
population. This led to huge changes in European society.

· CHANGES TO THE ECONOMY The people who survived became

richer, because there was more land for each person. The increased wealth
led to more trade, which made merchants and bankers more important.
· CHANGES IN THE WAY PEOPLE THOUGHT: People wondered why
so many people had died. Some people thought it was a punishment from
God. Others started looking for new explanations of how the world worked.
 HUMANISM:

In the Middle Ages, people believed that God was responsible for
everything that happened. The Humanists were more interested in the
role of humans. They were also very curious about the world around
them. The ideas of the Humanists changed European culture:
-They were interested in individuals, so portrait paintings
and biographies became popular
-They thought wat we could learn a lot from the literature
and philosophy of the Ancient Greeks and Romans
- They believed in using reason and experience to discover the truth
Aquí añade el punto 6.2 de la página 162 del libro que ahora leeremos en clase.

THE PRINTING PRESS

After Johannes Gutenberg invented the
printing press in around 1440, large
numbers of books could be produced
quickly. This made it possible to spread
the new ideas: Books became much
cheaper. Before they had to be copied
by hand, which was very slow and
expensive. More people could afford
books. People started writing books in
languages that people spoke like
Castilian, English and French. More
people could understand books. It
became much easier to spread new ideas
across Europe.
 FLORENCE

In the Middle Ages, there were many city states in Italy. One of them
was Florence, a big and prosperous town famous for its Humanist
writers. In the 15th century, a family of bankers called the Medicis took
control of Florence.

They wanted to show people how rich and cultured they were, o they
became patrons of the arts.

Cosimo de’ Medici employed Brunelleschi to design and build a huge

dome for Florecence’s cathedral, and also paid for many other buildings
and works of art in Florence.

Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, supported many artist,

including Michelangelo.

The Medicis were influenced by Humanism, and so they encouraged the

architects and artist to draw inspiration from the Classical style of
Ancient Greece and Rome. This was the start of the Renaissance period.
 5. Renaissance architecture and
painting
ARCHITECTURE
At the start of the 15th century, the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor
Donatello visited Rome to study the buildings and sculptures of the ancient
Romans. When Brunelleschi returned to Glorence, he developed a new
style of architecture, which shared many characteristics with Classical
Roman architecture. The dome he built for the cathedral in Florence is
considered the first great example of Renaissance architecture.
Renaissance buildings are often symmetrical. The church also has many
other typical Renaissance features like triangular pediments and Classical
columns.
Soon the new style spread right across Europe, gradually replacing Gothic
architecture.
 Dome

Triangular pediments

Classical

columns Scultpures

in niches

Santissimo Redentore (Venecia) Arch El Salvador, Úbeda (Jaén)

PAINTING In the Renaissance, painters changed both how and what
they painted:
HOW THEY PAINTED:
·Painters learned about perspective, light and shadow. This helped them to
make their paintings look three-dimensional.
· They studied human anatomy, to help them paint people who look real.

WHAT THEY PAINTED:

·Rich patrons like the Medicis started to decorate their houses with
paintings. These people didn’t just want paintings of religious subjects; they
were just as interested in paintings of great battles and scenes from Greek
and Roman mythology.
·In the Middle Ages, there were no naked people in paintings. Now they
became more and more common.
 LEONARDO DA VINCI:
The clever use of perspective makes The Las Supper
look completely three-dimensional. The figures are
very dynamic - they look as if they have been
frozen in time, like when you pause a film
 In this picture by Raphael,
the holy family look kike a
real family. Raphael used
different shades of color to
show light and shadow. This
makes it look three-
dimensional.
1. Platón 8. Arquímedes 15. Epicuro
2. Aristóteles 9. Plotino 16. Zenón
3. Heráclito 10. Sócrates 17. Ptolomeo
4. Parménides 11. Alejandro Magno 18. Estrabón
5. Hipatia 12. Anaximandro 19. Homero
6. Diógenes 13. Averroes 20. Raphael
7. Pitágoras 14. Antístenes
 Sculpture

In the Renaissance, sculptors started producing works of art in a style

inspired by the Greeks and Romans:

• They studied anatomy very carefully, so that their statues would be realistic.

• They used facial expressions and poses to show emotions.

• They sculpted famous military and political leaders

• Some of the statues are much bigger than any statues from the Middle Ages
they are designed to stand outside in public places
 DONATELLO:
This bronze sculpture by Donatello was the
first life-size statue of a man on horseback
since Roman times. Both the horse and rider
are very realistic: you can imagine that they
are about to ride into battle.

MICHELANGELO:
Michelangelo grew up in a middle-class family in Florence. He was
sent to study grammar with a Humanist teacher, but instead of
studying, he spent his time copying paintings. He wanted to become
an artist, but his father thought it wasn’t a suitable job for someone
from his social class because artists were just artisans. Fortunately,
Michelangelo had his way!
People soon realized that Michelangelo was an incredibly talented
sculptor. He was invited to Rome, where he made his first Pietà when
he was just 24 years old.