What is
Particulate Matter ??
Particulate matters (PM)
Particulate matter (PM) is made of solid particles
and liquid droplets in the air. PM can come from
many places. In general, any type of burning or
any dust-generating activities are sources of PM.
Here are some examples:
•Emissions (from vehicles and industrial plant smokestacks)
•Burning wood, such as in open burning, fireplaces, and residential wood-burning
boilers or stoves, and
•Swirls of dirt that form when the wind blows
What is a micron or micrometer?
A micron or micrometer is another submultiple of the unit of measurement, meter,
and corresponds to one millionth of that unit. Its symbol is μm.
1,000,000 μm = 1 m
Therefore,
1,000 μm = 1 mm
micrometer and micron
Particulate Matter
Particulate matter contains microscopic solids or liquid
droplets that are so small that they can be inhaled and
cause serious health problems.
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
• Carbon monoxide
• PAHs
• VOCs
• Benzene
• Vinyl chloride
Carbon Monoxide
• Incomplete oxidation of carbon results in the production of carbon monoxide.
• Natural CO formation occurs from photochemical reactions in the
troposphere, volcanoes, forest fires, etc.
• Breathing air with a high concentration of CO reduces the amount of
oxygen that can be transported in the blood stream to critical organs
like the heart and brain.
• At very high levels, which are possible indoors or in other enclosed environments,
CO can cause dizziness, confusion, unconsciousness and death.
Ground Level Ozone
• Ozone is formed in the atmosphere when energetic ultraviolet (UV)
radiation dissociates molecules of oxygen, O2, into separate oxygen
atoms.
• Free oxygen atoms can recombine to form oxygen molecules but if a
free oxygen atom
(O-2) collides with an oxygen molecule(O2), it joins up, forming ozone
(O3).
Ozone
• Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health
problems, particularly for children, the elderly, and
people of all ages who have lung diseases such as
asthma.
• Ground level ozone can also have harmful effects on
sensitive vegetation and ecosystems.
Ozone
Air Pollution and Climate
1. Air pollutants have a radiative forcing too
2. Air pollutants and greenhouse gases have
common sources
3. Linking air pollution and climate change
I. Air Pollutants have a radiative forcing
GHGs and air pollutants
with radiative forcing
• Kyoto GHGs:
• O3, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6
• Air pollutants with direct radiative forcing:
• O3, SO2, aerosols (black and organic carbon, PM2.5)
• Air pollutants with indirect effects on radiative forcing:
• All gases that influence OH (NOx, CO, VOC, H2O, etc.),
• O3 precursors (NOx, VOC, CO),
• Aerosol precursors (primary and secondary, including NH3)
Radiative forcing 1750-1900
Source: IPCC TAR WG1
Critical role of OH
Hydroxyl radical (OH) steers lifetime of CH4, HFCs, O3
OH determined by:
• Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Methane (CH4)
• etc., including stratospheric H2O
NOx and climate change
Increase in NOx leads to
• decreased lifetime of CH4 and HFCs (via OH):
radiative forcing
• increase in O3:
radiative forcing
• increased N deposition fertilization CO2 uptake:
radiative forcing
Net effect not yet clear, but significant impacts on
radiative forcing expected for 2100 (IPCC TAR, 2001)
Regional climate effects of aerosols
Present GCMs indicate that aerosols (may) influence local climate
• Sulfates:
• Cooling effect
• Changes in precipitation observed in China related to increase in China’s SO 2?
• Did European SO2 affect precipitation in Africa (Sahel)?
• Black carbon:
• Warming effect
• Issue for bio-fuels
• Organic carbon:
• Cooling effect
• Net effect of PM from different sources?
Lead
• Sources of lead emissions vary from one area to another.
• At the national level, major sources of lead in the air are ore and
metals processing and piston-engine aircraft operating on leaded
aviation fuel.
• Other sources are waste incinerators, utilities, and lead-acid battery
manufacturers. The highest air concentrations of lead are usually found
near lead smelters.
• Volcanic activity and airborne soil are the primary natural sources of
atmospheric lead.
Lead
• As a result of EPA's regulatory efforts including the removal of lead
from motor vehicle gasoline, levels of lead in the air decreased by 98
percent between 1980 and 2014.
Lead
• Once taken into the body, lead distributes
throughout the body in the blood and is
accumulated in the bones.
• Depending on the level of exposure, lead
can adversely affect the nervous system,
kidney function, immune system,
reproductive and developmental systems
and the cardiovascular system.
• Lead exposure also affects the oxygen
carrying capacity of the blood.
Air Pollution
Flue Gas Testing
Key points of Platform
Design
Stack Height
Work Platform
Sampling Point
Sampling Port
Stair Case Design
Stack Height
Minimum chimney height “C” in meters of any combustion point
source shall be defined by following equation
C (m) = H (m) + 0.6 U (m)
H - Shall be the height of tallest building within 5 U radius of the
chimney
U - Uncorrected height for heat input
U ( m ) = 1.36 Q0.06 ( Q – Gross heat in put in MW of Measuring Source )
This rule shall be applied for combustion sources with gross heat
input greater than 0.62 MW
In any case chimney height shall not be less than 20 m except for
the combustion sources with gross heat input less than 0.62 MW
Stack Height
Example :
C (m)
1.8 MW
25 m
7m 7m
Stack Height
Measuring Source ( Boiler with 1.8 MW G.H.Input ) Rule Accepted
because,heat input is greater than 0.62 MW
uncorrected height for Heat input ( U m )
U ( m ) = 1.36 Q0.06
U m = 1.36 x 1.8 0.06
U m = 1.408 m
Then, You can select Highest building within the range of 5U
( according to the above Equation 7.04 m )
One building has placed within the 5U radios area. Therefore minimum
chimney height should be as follows
Minimum Chimney Height C (m) = H (m) + 0.6 U (m)
C (m) = 25 m + 0.6 x 1.408
C (m) = 25.84 m
In any case chimney height shall not be less than 20 m except for the combustion sources
with gross heat input less than 0.62 MW
Work Platform
Work flat form should be at least 4 feet
wide
capable for supporting 4 People and 200
pound of test equipment ( about 400 kg )
3.5 Ft
Should prepare a proper safe guardrail on
Platform with including mid rail and toe Clearance
Zone
guard
Sampling platform should be at least 3.5
feet below from the sampling port.
Work platform Should maintain free of
obstructions
Sampling Point
2a
Sampling point recommended area should be
located at least 8 stack diameters above last Recommended
obstruction and at least two stack diameters Area
below stack exit.
2 sampling ports must be required for the
measurement with 900 apart.
8a
Recommended sampling ports inner diameter a
is 3 inches and flange capped also needed to
when not in use.
Sampling port should be at least 3.5 feet
above stack platform surface
Sampling Port
Inner diameter 3
inches
Width 5 cm Min.
10 cm Max
Recommended sampling ports inner diameter is 3 inches and
flange capped also need when not in use ( flange cap’s
a
diameter should be at least 0.1 inch )
2 sampling ports must be required for the measurement with
900 apart.
If stack contain dangerous gases or gases over 200 F under
positive pressure , should install a gate valve.
Stair Case ..
Should prepare a safe stair case or ladder or
other suitable means for the access of
measuring platform and take up measuring
instruments
Regulation in Sri Lanka
• Regulations published under the Gazette Notification No. 1562/22
dated 15.08.2008 (Re: Permissible Ambient Air Quality Standards in
relation to class of Air Pollutants).
• Order published under the Gazette NotificationNo. 2126/36 dated
05.06.2019 (Re: Satationary Source Emission Control).
These Regulations may be cited as the National Environmental (Stationary Sources Emission Control)
Regulations, No. 01 of 2019.
Scheduled 1 (Definition of stationary emission source)
1. Thermal Power Plants
2. Standby Generators
3. Boilers
4. Thermic Fluid Heaters
5. Incinerators
6. Cupolas, Blast Furnaces, Coke Ovens, Basic Oxygen Furnaces, Electric (induction & arc) furnaces
7. Cement Kilns
Thermal
Power Plants
Standby Generators
Boilers
Thermic Fluid Heater
Incinerator
Furnace
Cement kiln
Boilers
Stand by Generator
All fugitive emissions emanating from any industrial process shall be measured and controlled according to
the methods and standards specified in Schedules IV, V, VI and VII hereto.
Deciding Minimum stack Hight
