Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the game of chess where
nations are checkmated.
Definitions
Padelford and Lincoln defined, “Diplomacy is
the process of representation and negotiations
by which states customarily deals with one
another in times of peace”.
According to Sir Ernest Satow, Diplomacy is
the application of intelligence and tact to the
conduct of official relations between
governments of independent states.
“Diplomacy is the promotion of national
interest by peaceful means”. Hans J.
Margenthau.
Cont.
Diplomacy is the management of IR through
negotiations or the method by which these
relations are adjusted or managed.
Diplomacy tries to achieve the maximum
objectives (national interests) with a
minimum of costs in a system of politics
where war remains a possibility.
Diplomacy from a Historical
Perspective
The ability to practice diplomacy is one of the
defining elements of a state, and diplomacy
has been practiced since the first city states
were formed millennia ago (around 5th BC).
For the majority of human history diplomats
were sent only for specific negotiations, and
would return immediately after their mission
concluded.
Cont
Diplomats were usually relatives of the ruling
family or of very high rank in order to give
them legitimacy when they sought to negotiate
with the other state.
Envoys eventually became negotiators rather
than being just messengers.
During the Middle Ages (6th to 18th century),
the scope of diplomacy did not grow much and
diplomats were mostly confined to maintaining
archives rather than negotiating them.
Cont
After the American and French revolutions,
diplomacy became more democratic and less
aristocratic.
The Congress of Vienna (1815) laid down
procedures for diplomatic immunities and
defined diplomatic hierarchies.
Nature of Diplomacy
Diplomacy is not immoral.
Diplomacy is a tool for the conduct of
relations.
It is machinery of action.
It acts through settled procedures called
diplomatic procedures.
Diplomacy handles all types of matters
relating states.
Cont.
It operates both in times of peace and war.
It is characterized in both hostile and
cooperative environment.
Diplomacy always work to secure national
interest.
Its always backed by national power.
In order to evaluate the success or failure of
diplomacy, the attainment of national interest
is sought.
Traditional Versus Modern Diplomac
Traditional (Secret) Diplomacy
Traditional diplomacy assumed that major
European powers had special responsibility
for maintaining world peace.
The colonies had no more significant
diplomatic role than that of satellites.
Traditional diplomacy was professional but
secretive and relied on a limited cadre rather
than extended diplomatic channels.
Cont.
Modern (Open) Diplomacy.
Modern diplomacy is more open and
democratic; it requires reciprocal bargains and
compromises so it is not possible for
diplomats to spell out a given stance in
advance.
Multilateralism is increasingly evident in the
practice of modern diplomacy. It includes
conference or summit diplomacy, with behind
the scenes preparations by diplomatic officials.
Diplomacy & Foreign Policy: What’s
the Difference?
Diplomacy is the method and process by
which foreign policy is pursued but it is not a
policy onto itself. Outcome of diplomatic
negotiations can effect foreign policy options.
Objective of Diplomacy
There are two main objectives of diplomacy
encompassing National Interest.
1. Political Objectives
2. Non-Political Objectives.
Means or Devices of Diplomacy
There are several means of diplomacy.
a. Persuasion
b. Rewards and concessions
c. Promise of rewards and concessions
d. Threat of Use of force
e. Non-Violent Punishment
f. Use of Pressure
How Diplomacy Functions?
Diplomacy functions through a network of
foreign officers, embassies, consulates, and
special missions operating around the globe.
Diplomacy is bilateral in character but as a
result of growing international and regional
organizations, it is becoming increasingly
multilateral in character.
Cont.
Functions and roles may include;
a. Ceremonial and Symbolic Functions.
b. Representation
c. Mediation
d. Negotiations
e. Reporting
f. Protection of Interests
Diplomatic Procedures & Practices
Presentation of credentials and assuming
charge in host country involves interaction
with host governments.
Agreation involves presenting credentials of
diplomatic envoys, which are then approved
by host countries where they are to be
appointed.
Cont.
Diplomatic missions and personnel enjoy
certain immunities and privileges.
the rights of extraterritoriality and
inviolability.
Home states can dismiss diplomats or they
can be declared persona-non-grata by host
countries, due to different reasons, including
rising tensions between the two states in
question.
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