APA 7

Learning Outcomes

• Learn how to use information ethically

• Avoid academic penalties due to unacknowledged use of content

• Create correctly-formatted citations

What is APA?

• A style guideline used to write academic papers

(Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 7th ed.)
• Offers consistency in writing style
• Protects you from plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
Copying someone else’s work without giving the author credit.
This includes:
• Using words, phrases, ideas, charts, pictures or any other
material from somewhere else without indicating where
you got it from (citing)
 Academic Integrity
• Fanshawe takes academic integrity very
seriously.
• Intentional or unintentional plagiarism can
result in failing a project or course. If repeated
3 times, students face expulsion.
What is NOT Plagiarism?
Using common knowledge. This includes:
• Using words, phrases, ideas that are considered common
knowledge in your field.
Common knowledge?
1. Early childhood education is important to the development of children.
2. Montessori students have higher literacy rates than students in other
education systems.
* If you aren’t sure if it is common knowledge, ask your prof./cite
it.
 APA Style
• Use simple fonts. Options include:
• 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12-point Times New
Roman, 11-point Georgia
• Rules for headings
• Rules for spacing (double-spaced)
• Title pages
 1
Page number

Economic Regulations in Ontario Title of Paper

Bob Smith Student Name

Lawrence Kinlin School of Business, Fanshawe College Name of Department and Institution
Course Code
ECON 101: Canadian Economics
And name
Professor Kim Park
Instructor
March 14, 2020
Due Date
 2 Page number

Bold Title
Economic Regulations in Ontario

Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx

xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx

xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx

xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx Double-spaced
writing
xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx

xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx.

Indentation Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx
at beginning
of xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx
paragraphs
xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx

xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx.

Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx

xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxxx xxxx. Xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxxxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.

 Two Components to Documentation

1) References
• List sources used on a separate page at the end of your
essay/report

2) In-Text Citations
• Identify where specific material (quoted or paraphrased)
within papers comes from
 Reference List
• An alphabetical list of all sources in your essay or paper.

• Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate

and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.

• Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on

the reference page, and vice versa
 Reference List

Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
 Reference Elements
These elements
An APA Style
answer the
reference has
following
four elements:
questions:

Author Who?

Date When?

Title What?

Source Where?

Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
 Sample Reference Format: Book
What parts make up the author, date, title and source sections?
Author’s last name
Author’s initial Title of Book Edition (if present)

Gibson, M. (2012). The education plan (4th ed.). Penguin Random House.
https://doi.org/10.34./008
Publisher’s Name
DOI Year of publication
 Book Example
Source
Author Date Title
Publisher DOI or URL
Information
Gibson, M. (2012). The education Penguin Random https://doi.org/
plan (4th ed.). House. 10.34./008

Note:
• Many books will not have DOIs. It is OK to end after the publisher’s name in these cases.
• Don’t use 1st edition for 1st edition books.
 What is a DOI?
• Digital Object Identifier
• Permanent link
• If your journal article or book has one, please use it.
Best format:
• https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
Older formats:
• doi:10.1037/arc0000014
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
Let’s Try! Create a reference with the following information:
Type of Information Example Information
Author Samantha Diamond
Year of Publication 2005
Title Education Strategies
Edition 2nd
Publisher Shine Bright
DOI https://doi.org/10.54./0007-900

Example format:
Gibson, M. (2012). The education plan (4th ed.). Penguin Random House.
https://doi.org/10.34./008
Answer:

Diamond, S. (2005). Education strategies (2nd ed.).

Shine Bright. https://doi.org/10.54./0007-900

Source
Author Date Title
Publisher DOI or URL
Information
Diamond, S. (2005). Education Shine Bright. https://doi.org/
strategies (2nd 10.54./0007-900
ed.).
 Sample Reference Format: Journal Article
What parts make up the author, date, title and source sections?

Author’s last name Author’s initials Year Title of Article

Peterson, J. M. (2010). Impact of ECE teachers

on student outcomes. Journal of Education,
10(3), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.20.10205
Volume Journal name
DOI
Issue Page numbers
 Journal Example
Source
Author Date Title Journal DOI
Information
Peterson, J. M. (2010). Impact of ECE Journal of https://
teachers on Education, doi.org/
student 10(3), 60-70. 10.20.10205
outcomes.
Let’s Try! Create a reference with the following information:
Type of Information Example Information
Author Daniel Lloyd Parker
Year of Publication 2013
Article Title Inquiry Based Learning in Kindergarten

Journal Name Journal of Education

Volume 2
Issue 5
Pages 30-35
DOI https://doi.org/10.56.ar802

Example format:
Peterson, J. M. (2010). Impact of ECE teachers on student outcomes.
Journal of Education, 10(3), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.20.10205
Answer:
Parker, D. L. (2013). Inquiry based learning in kindergarten.
Journal of Education, 2(5), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.56.ar802

Source
Author Date Title Journal Information DOI

Parker, D. L. (2013). Inquiry based Journal of https://

learning in Education, 2(5), 30- doi.org/
kindergarten. 35. 10.56.ar802
 Where to Find Journal Article Information

Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
 What is wrong below?

Answer: The title should be in sentence case: Why pay our fair share?
How perceived influence over laws affects tax evasion.
 What do I do if I have a web
resource? 
• Don’t panic! Look at your guidelines.
• Find the relevant information and fill in the
formula.
• If you are missing some of the data, it’s OK
because there are rules for that.
 Missing Element Solution Reference List Entry
Nothing—all elements are Provide the author, date, title, Author. (Date). Title. Source.
present and source of the work.
Author Provide the title, date, and Title. (Date). Source.
source.
Date Provide the author, write “n.d.” Author. (n.d.). Title. Source.
for “no date,” and then provide
the title and source.
Title Provide the author and date, Author. (Date). [Description
describe the work in square of work]. Source.
brackets, and then provide the
source.

Note: These just show the general guidelines when pieces are missing. Use appropriate
formatting (such as italics) for specific source formats as required.

Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor
in their courses.
What are some different sources
you can find online?
• Online newspaper/magazine articles (The
Washington Post, The Globe and Mail)
• Online news sites (CNN, BBC)
• An organization’s webpage
• Report on government or organization’s webpage
 Compare these formats:
News site:

LaMotte, S. (2019, February 14). Drinking two or more diet beverages a day linked to
high risk of stroke, heart attacks. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/14/health/diet-soda-women-stroke-heart-attack/
index.html
Online newspaper article:

Hunter, J. (2019, November 1). B.C. introduces measures to end seasonal time
changes. The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/british-
columbia/article-bc-introduces-measures-to-end-daylight-saving-time-some-day/
 Compare these formats:
Webpage with individual author:

Sparks, D. (2018, November 7). Helping others heal: A mother’s milestone.

Mayo Clinic. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/helping-
others-heal-a-mothers-milestone/

Webpage with the organization as author:

World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on

immunization and vaccine safety. https://origin.who.int/features/qa/84/en/
 Let’s try
http://www.peelschools.org/jobs/careercate
gories/teachingasst/Pages/default.aspx
Answer:
Author. (Date). Title. http://www.website.ca

Peel District School Board. (n.d.). ​Teaching assistants

and designated early childhood educators.
http://www.peelschools.org/jobs/careercategories/tea
chin gasst/Pages/default.aspx
 Let’s try
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/busine
ss/article-ottawa-taps-domestic-medical-t
echnology-suppliers-to-boost-production/
Answer:
Author. (Date). Title. Newspaper Name.
http://www.website.ca

Silcoff, S. (2020, March 21). Medical-technology companies asked

to ramp up production in wartime-like move. The Globe and
Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-
ottawa-taps-domestic-medical-technology-suppliers-to- boost-
production/
 Let’s try
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-envir
onment-51977625
Answer:
Author. (Date). Title. New Site Name.
http://www.website.ca
Harrabin, R. (2020, March 23). Electric car emissions myth
‘busted’. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/
science-environment-51977625
 Retrieval Dates
Most references do not need retrieval dates.
Works with references that commonly require retrieval
dates:
• articles from the UpToDate database
• updated social media profile pages
• online dictionary entries
• Open Educational Resources
 Retrieval Dates
The retrieval date, when needed, appears in the
source element of the reference in the format:

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In Merriam-

Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 25,
2019, from https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/culture
 Review:
What purpose does the references list
serve?
• To give the reader all the information they
would need in order to find the
information you are citing.
 In-text Citations
What purpose do in-text citations serve?
• Like sticky notes! They tell the reader
where to look in the references list to find
more detailed information.
 General Format
Paraphrased idea:
• Citation needs the author(s) and year

Direct quote:
• Citation needs the author(s), year and page number
 General Format: Paraphrases
Parenthetical Citations:
• Both author and year are in parenthesis (brackets)
September is the best month of the year (Smith, 2020).
Narrative Citations:
• Author is part of the sentence
Smith (2020) argues that September is the best month of
the year.
 General Format: Quotations
Parenthetical Citations:
• Both the author and year are in parenthesis (brackets)
In a recent study, “87% of respondents believe September is the
best month of the year” (Smith, 2020, p. 4).
Narrative Citations: Use p. to indicate which page the quote is from
• The author is part of the sentence
Smith (2020) notes “87% of respondents believe September is the
best month of the year” (pp. 4-5).
Use pp. for a quote spanning more than 1 page
In-text citations can vary depending on sentence
structure:
Example 1: Smith (2015) argued that self-regulation is linked to greater educational
outcomes.
Example 2: In his 2015 study, Smith argued that self-regulation is linked to greater
educational outcomes.
Example 3: In addition, self-regulation is linked to greater educational outcomes
(Smith, 2015).
Example 4: Smith (2015) proved that "children who practice self-regulation score
30% higher on standardized math tests" (p. 35).
Example 5: In addition, a study indicated that "children who practice self-regulation
score 30% higher on standardized math tests" (Smith, 2015, p. 35).
 Directly Quoting from a Website?
Print sources: (Author, year, p. 1)
• But websites don’t have pages!
• Don’t worry! Use the paragraph number.
Web sources:
(Author, year, para. 1) (Author, year, heading, para. 1)

*** the heading is optional – if there are headings, use the

closest one and then count the paragraph number down from it.
 Audio/Visual: Podcast/movie/interview
Display time where you would normally put pages. Don’t use any short
forms or initials – just use the time separated by colons ( # : # ).
• (Author, year, hours:minutes:seconds)
*** only use hours if you need to
An example of a direct quote which begins at 30 minutes and 03
seconds:
(Smith, 2018, 30:03)
 Slides from PowerPoint
• If you use a direct quote from a PowerPoint, use
the word “Slide” and the slide number.

(Frey, 2019, Slide 15)

Helpful Resources
Database Journal ‘Cite’ Feature

http://www.fanshawelibrary.com/
 APA Website
APA provides great resources on their
website, including an email students can
use if they have questions.
https://apastyle.apa.org/apa-style-help
Questions?
 Library Learning Commons Help:
Library help:
• Research
• Citations
• Evaluating sources

Writing Help:
• Brainstorming/organizing
• Logic, grammar and mechanics
• Citations

Other Help:
• Math and science
• Peer tutoring
• Study skills
 Material Used and Adapted From:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the

American Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000