Reproduction
TABLE OF CONTENTS
What is Asexual
01 Reproduction?
Methods of
Reproduction
Sexual
Reproductio
03
02 Reproduction n
04
The production of offspring by a sexual or
asexual process.
Reproduction Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all
known life.
Asexual vs Sexual
Reproduction
Asexu Sexu
al al
generates offspring that are two parents contribute genetic
genetically identical to a single information to produce unique
parent. offspring.
Pink Salmon
Salmon live in the ocean, but they reproduce in
freshwater streams. When mature, they migrate upstream
to the place where they were born. Many swim great
distances and only the fittest salmon survive the journey.
The female digs one or more nest holes in the stream bed.
As she deposits her eggs, a male covers them with sperm.
The salmon die soon after.
Pink Salmon
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Brittle Star
There are a couple thousand different species of brittle
star. At certain times of the year, male and female
stars release sperm and eggs into the ocean. But they
can reproduce at other times too. They simply split in
half and grow new body parts. This ability to
regenerate can also help a brittle star escape a
predator.
Brittle Star
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Garden Strawberry
The garden strawberry plant grows modified stems, called
runners. Along the runners, tiny new strawberry plants take
root. Each new plant is identical to the parent. Insect
pollinators also visit strawberry flowers. Pollen from one
flower join the eggs of another to form seeds that cover the
strawberry fruit.
Garden Strawberry
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Baker’s Yeast
•Baker's yeast is a tiny, single-celled fungus that makes
bread dough rise and converts sugars into alcohol. This
yeast reproduces by budding. As the small bud grows, it
receives a copy of the parent's nucleus. When the bud
pinches off, the new cell is smaller than the parent cell but
genetically identical.
Baker's Yeast
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Leopard Frog
Leopard frogs breed in ponds or streams. The male calls
with his voice to attract a female. He then grips the female
tightly, triggering the release of her eggs and his sperm.
Tiny tadpoles emerge shortly thereafter. Those that survive
go through metamorphosis to become land-dwelling, adult
frogs.
Asexual
04 Reproduct
ion
Discuss:
What do you think are the
advantages and disadvantages of
asexual reproduction?
Asexual Reproduction
Advantag Disadvantag
es es
•population can increase •does not lead to variation in a
population
rapidly
•the species may only be suited
•can exploit a suitable to one habitat
habitat quickly •disease may affect all the
individuals in a population
Sexual
03 Reproduct
ion
Discuss:
What do you think are the
advantages and disadvantages of
sexual reproduction?
Sexual Reproduction
Advantag Disadvantag
es es
•introduces variation into a •time and energy are needed to find
population a mate
•the species can adapt to new •not possible for an isolated
environments individual
•a disease is less likely to affect all
the individuals in a population
Sexual
Reproduction
Internal External
Sexual reproduction
Fertilisation Fertilisation
requires the
combination of genetic
material from two
parents. This occurs
when two sex cells
called gametes fuse
Internal
Fertilisation
Internal fertilisation is when the
male deposits his sperm directly
into the female’s body.
Where do you think you would
find animals that have internal
fertilisation? Why?
Internal
Fertilisation
–Animals which live on land have
internal fertilisation.
–This is necessary since sperm need
fluid in which to swim to the egg.
The chances of fertilisation are much
greater since the sex cells are closer
together when released, and this
means that fewer sex cells need to
be produced.
External
Fertilisation
External fertilisation is when the
male and female gametes unite
outside of the female body.
Fertilisation in fish and most
water dwelling animals is
external. Most fish produce a
large number of sex cells which
are released into the water.
WHY?
External
Fertilisation
Courtship rituals make sure that
the male and female sex cells are
released near each other, but
even so the chances of
fertilisation are very low, so that
huge numbers of eggs and sperm
are needed to ensure that enough
young are produced.
Internal Fertilisation
Advantag Disadvantag
es es
● High chance offspring will ● Few zygotes
survive ● Require more energy to
● Requires more energy to find a mate
find a mate
External Fertilisation
Advantag Disadvantag
es es
● Little energy required to find ● Embryos are
a mate unprotected and often
● Large numbers of offspring
are produced at one time
preyed upon
● Many eggs are fertilised ● Restricted to wet
environment
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KS
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