UNIT-I MOBILE APPLICATION

DEVELOPMENT
 Introduction to MAD
• there are different types of Mobile applications;
• Native Applications:
• Native Apps are developed specifically for one platform, and
can take full advantage of all the device features.
• They are also built using the specific Integrated
Development Environment (IDE) for the given operating
systems.
• Android Studio for Android Apps and XCode for iOS Apps.
• IOS apps are written in Objective-C and Swift
• Android apps are written in Java or Kotlin.
• Windows and Blackberry apps are written in C++.
Introduction to MAD
 Introduction to MAD
• Pros
• – They are very fast and responsive because they are built for that
specific platform.
• – They have the best performance.
• – They are more interactive, intuitive and run much smoother in terms
of user input and output.
• Cons
• – They are considerably more expensive to develop compared to cross-
platform and web applications.
• – They require more time to develop as one application has to be
written in different languages for different platforms.
• – They have a higher cost of maintenance and pushing out updates,
due to multiple source code bases.
 Introduction to MAD
• Hybrid Applications:
• These are applications developed to be used across multiple
platforms i.e can be deployed on both iOS and Android
platforms.
• technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
• Some popular frameworks for building Hybrid applications
include;
• Ionic Framework
• PhoneGap
• Sencha Touch etc.
• Apache Cordova
 Trends
• Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP)
– AMP is a project undertaken by Google in association
with Twitter and includes several other large search,
social and web publishing platforms around the world.
– AMP Project is an open-source website publishing
technology designed to improve the performance of
web content and advertisements.
– As an alternative, the webpage can be displayed
simultaneously while it is loading instead of making the
user wait for the whole page to load - it is called lazy
loading.
 Trends
• AR & VR Apps
– With is technology, one could feel like they are inside the
imaginary world.
• Cloud-driven Mobile Apps
– A cloud-driven or cloud application is simply an mobile
application that runs on the server instead of your device.
– A cloud app will serve same features and characteristics as the
pure desktop or device app, but functions in the cloud storage.
• Enterprise Apps & Micro-apps
– In the world of mobile, a micro app is a consumer-oriented
application delivering highly targeted functionality (e.g. a
weather forecast app).
 Trends
• Security In Apps
– Your phone probably has sensitive information on it, so
it may be a good idea to install some security software.
• Avast Mobile Security
• AVG
• Sophos Mobile Security
• Avira Antivirus
• Swift Is Much Swifter Now
• Artificial Intelligence Is Real Now
• Wearable Devices
 Trends
• IoT Apps

• Beacons & Location Based Services

VARIOUS PLATFORMS
VARIOUS PLATFORMS
 Introduction to Smart Phones
• Phones used to be all about making calls, but
now your mobile can do so much more.
• Touchscreen smartphones allows you to
access the internet, use social media, get live
news updates, play music and video, and
much more.
• They almost universally use touchscreens for
control, however, which can be a challenge for
people new to the technology.
Introduction to Smart Phones
 Android Platform

• Android is a software package and linux based

operating system for mobile devices such as tablet
computers and smartphones.
• Developed by Google
• Java language is mainly used
• The goal of android project is to create a successful
real-world product that improves the mobile
experience for end users.
Android Platform
 Android Features
• Messaging
– SMS and MMS
• Web browser
– Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine,
coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine
supporting HTML5 and CSS3.
• Multi-touch
– Android has native support for multi-touch which was
initially made available in handsets such as the HTC
Hero.
 Android Features
• Multitasking
– User can jump from one task to another and same
time various application can run simultaneously.
• Multiple language support
– Supports single direction and bi-directional text.
• Connectivity
– GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
 Android Features
• Media support
– H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC
5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
• External storage
– SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data
storage purposes.
• Hardware support
• Bluetooth
• Tethering
• Streaming media support
 Android Features
• Auto Correction and Dictionary
• Voice-based features
• Screen capture
• TV recording
• Video calling
• Accessibility
Android Version and Comparison
Android Version and Comparison
Android Version and Comparison
Android Version and Comparison
Android Version and Comparison
Android Version and Comparison
ANDROID - ARCHITECTURE
 The Linux Kernel
– The foundation of the Android platform is the
Linux kernel.
– This provides a level of abstraction between the
device hardware and it contains all the essential
hardware drivers like camera, keypad, display,
networking etc.
– Bridge between OS and Hardware
 Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
• The hardware abstraction layer (HAL) provides standard
interfaces that expose device hardware capabilities to
the higher-level Java API framework. The HAL consists of
multiple library modules, each of which implements an
interface for a specific type of hardware component,
such as the camera or bluetooth module. When a
framework API makes a call to access device hardware,
the Android system loads the library module for that
hardware component.

• Wat type of action?

 Libraries
– Libraries including Open-source Web browser
engine WebKit, well known library libc, SQLite
database which is a useful repository for storage
and sharing of application data, libraries to play
and record audio and video, SSL libraries
responsible for Internet security etc..
 ANDROID LIBRARIES
• android.app − Provides access to the application model
and is the cornerstone of all Android applications.
• android.content − Facilitates content access, publishing
and messaging between applications and application
components.
• android.database − Used to access data published by
content providers and includes SQLite database
management classes.
• android.opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D
graphics rendering API.
 ANDROID LIBRARIES
• android.os − Provides applications with access to
standard operating system services including messages,
system services and inter-process communication.
• android.text − Used to render and manipulate text on a
device display.
• android.view − The fundamental building blocks of
application user interfaces.
• android.widget − A rich collection of pre-built user
interface components such as buttons, labels, list
views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
 ANDROID RUNTIME
• Application Framework
– The Application Framework layer provides many higher-
level services to applications in the form of Java classes.
– Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the
application lifecycle and activity stack.
– Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and
share data with other applications.
– Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code
embedded resources such as strings, color settings and
user interface layouts.
 ANDROID RUNTIME & APPLICATIONS
– Notifications Manager − Allows applications to
display alerts and notifications to the user.
– View System − An extensible set of views used to
create application user interfaces.

• Applications
– You will find all the Android application at the top
layer. You will write your application to be installed
on this layer only. Examples of such applications are
Contacts Books, Browser, Games etc.
 ANDROID LIBRARIES
• android.webkit − A set of classes intended to allow
web-browsing capabilities to be built into applications.

• Android Runtime
– This section provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual
Machine which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially
designed and optimized for Android.
– The Dalvik VM makes use of Linux core features like
memory management and multi-threading, which is
intrinsic in the Java language. The Dalvik VM enables every
Android application to run in its own process.
 Android Runtime (ART)
• Android Runtime (ART) is an application runtime
environment used by the Android operating system.
• Replacing Dalvik, the process virtual machine
originally used by Android, ART performs the
translation of the application’s bytecode into native
instructions that are later executed by the device’s
runtime environment.(ART introduced in Android L).
• ART is software layer between applications and
operating system.
• It provide mechanism for executing java language.
 Android Runtime (ART)
• ART perform two major things to achieve this
– Runs Android framework and Applications using
hybrid model of Interpreter, JIT and profile based
Ahead of time compilation(AOT).
– Memory Management using Memory allocator
and Concurrent compacting Garbage collector.
 Android Debug Bridge(ADB)
• Android Debug Bridge (adb) is a versatile command-line
tool that lets you communicate with a device.
• The adb command facilitates a variety of device actions,
such as installing and debugging apps, and it provides
access to a Unix shell that you can use to run a variety of
commands on a device.
• It is a client-server program that includes three
components:
– A client, which sends commands. The client runs on your
development machine. You can invoke a client from a
command-line terminal by issuing an adb command.
 Android Debug Bridge(ADB)
– A daemon (adbd), which runs commands on a
device. The daemon runs as a background process
on each device.
– A server, which manages communication between
the client and the daemon. The server runs as a
background process on your development
machine.
 Android Studio Features
• Android Studio offers even more features that enhance
your productivity when building Android apps, such as:
– A flexible Gradle-based build system
– A fast and feature-rich emulator
– A unified environment where you can develop for all
Android devices
– Instant Run to push changes to your running app without
building a new APK
– Code templates and GitHub integration to help you build
common app features and import sample code
– Extensive testing tools and frameworks.
 Android Studio Features
– Lint tools to catch performance, usability, version
compatibility, and other problems
– C++ and NDK support
– Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform, making
it easy to integrate Google Cloud Messaging and
App Engine
 Development environment/IDE
• You can start your Android application development
on either of the following operating systems −
– Microsoft Windows XP or later version.
– Mac OS X 10.5.8 or later version with Intel chip.
– Linux including GNU C Library 2.7 or later.
• Following is the list of software's you will need
before you start your Android application
programming.
– Java JDK5 or later version
– Android Studio
 Development environment/IDE
• Starting a new project
• Launching Android Studio and then selecting
New Project, or you can choose File > New >
New Project at any time from the IDE itself.
Development environment/IDE
Development environment/IDE
Development environment/IDE
 Development environment/IDE
• 1. Toolbar lets you carry out a wide range of actions, including
running your app and launching Android tools.
• 2. Navigation bar helps you navigate through your project and
open files for editing. It provides a more compact view of the
structure visible in the Project window.
• 3. Editor window is where you create and modify code.
Depending on the current file type, the editor can change. For
example, when viewing a layout file, the editor displays the
Layout Editor.
• 4. Tool window bar runs around the outside of the IDE window
and contains the buttons that allow you to expand or collapse
individual tool windows.
 Development environment/IDE
• 5. Tool windows give you access to specific
tasks like project management, search, version
control, and more. You can expand them and
collapse them.
• 6. Status bar displays the status of your
project and the IDE itself, as well as any
warnings or messages.
 Gradle Build System
• Android Studio uses Gradle as the foundation of the build
system, with more Android-specific capabilities provided by
the Android plugin for Gradle.
• This build system runs as an integrated tool from the
Android Studio menu, and independently from the
command line.
• You can use the features of the build system to do the
following:
– Customize, configure, and extend the build process.
– Create multiple APKs for your app, with different features using
the same project and modules.
– Reuse code and resources across sourcesets.
 Emulator Setup
• The emulator lets you prototype, develop and test
Android applications without using a physical device.
• Creating AVD
– If you want to emulate a real device, first crate an AVD
with the same device configurations as real device, then
launch this AVD from AVD manager.
• Changing Orientation
– Usually by default when you launch the emulator, its
orientation is vertical, but you can change it orientation
by pressing Ctrl+F11 key from keyboard.
 Emulator Commands
• Home - Shifts to main screen
• F2 - Toggles context sensitive menu
• F3 - Bring out call log
• F4 - End call
• F5 - Search
• F6 - Toggle trackball mode
• F7 - Power button
• F8 - Toggle data network
• Ctrl+F5 - Ring Volume up
• Ctrl+F6 - Ring Volume down
Android - UI Layouts
Android - UI Layouts
 Android Layout Types
• Linear Layout is a view group that aligns all children
in a single direction, vertically or horizontally.
• Relative Layout is a view group that displays child
views in relative positions.
• Table Layout is a view that groups views into rows
and columns.
• Absolute Layout enables you to specify the exact
location of its children.
• Frame Layout is a placeholder on screen that you
can use to display a single view.
 Android Layout Types
• List View is a view group that displays a list of
scrollable items.
• Grid View is a View Group that displays items
in a two-dimensional, scrollable grid.
 Layout Attributes
• android:id - This is the ID which uniquely identifies the view.
• android:layout_width - This is the width of the layout.
• android:layout_height - This is the height of the layout
• android:layout_marginTop - This is the extra space on the
top side of the layout.
• android:layout_marginBottom - This is the extra space on
the bottom side of the layout.
• android:layout_marginLeft - This is the extra space on the
left side of the layout.
• android:layout_marginRight - This is the extra space on the
right side of the layout.
 Layout Attributes
• android:layout_gravity - This specifies how child Views
are positioned.
• android:layout_weight - This specifies how much of the
extra space in the layout should be allocated to the View.
• android:layout_x - This specifies the x-coordinate of the
layout.
• android:layout_y - This specifies the y-coordinate of the
layout.
• android:layout_width - This is the width of the layout.
• android:layout_width - This is the width of the layout.
 Layout Attributes
• android:paddingLeft - This is the left padding
filled for the layout.
• android:paddingRight - This is the right
padding filled for the layout.
• android:paddingTop - This is the top padding
filled for the layout.
• android:paddingBottom - This is the bottom
padding filled for the layout.
 Generated R.Javafile
• R.java is neat. R.java is elegant. Due to its
subversiveness (in a good way) its makings are
implicit. It is fun to learn about Android.R.
• At a mile high level, every application has resouces.
Familiar example of resources are strings, colors,
and bitmaps. Instead of hard coding strings in an
application one will use an id for a string.
• Let's start with strings and see how they are used.
Generated R.Javafile
 XML representation
• XML stands for Extensible Mark-up Language.
• XML is a very popular format and commonly used for
sharing data on the internet.
• This chapter explains how to parse the XML file and
extract necessary information from it.
• Android provides three types of XML parsers which
are DOM,SAX and XMLPullParser.
• Among all of them android recommend XMLPullParser
because it is efficient and easy to use.
• So we are going to use XMLPullParser for parsing XML.
 XML representation
• The first step is to identify the fields in the
XML data in which you are interested in.
• For example. In the XML given below we
interested in getting temperature only.
 XML Elements
• Prolog - An XML file starts with a prolog. The first line
that contains the information about a file is prolog
• Events - An XML file has many events. Event could be
like this. Document starts , Document ends, Tag start ,
Tag end and Text e.t.
• Text - Apart from tags and events, and xml file also
contains simple text. Such as GB is a text in the
country tag.
• Attributes - Attributes are the additional properties of
a tag such as value e.t.c