Lectures 35 &36

Sustainable
Developmen
t and Water
Supply
C. N. Pandey
https://images.theconversation.com/files/173861/
original/file-20170614-21325-1vl819k.jpg?ixlib=rb-
1.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=416&fit=crop&dpr=
 Water Crisis
in
India

Vishwamitri River in Vadodara

https://cdn.downtoearth.org.in/library/large/2017-
 UN Sustainable Development Goals
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
2. Zero Hunger
3. Good Health and Wellbeing
5. Gender Equality
9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
13. Climate Action
14. Life Below Water
15. Life on Earth
 Climate Change and Water
The Indian Context
Monsoon System I
• Seasonal reversal of wind pattern accompanied by
corresponding changes in precipitation.
• The N-E monsoon -10%-20% of total rainfall in India
• The S - W monsoon - about 80% of rainfall.
The effects of climate change on the Monsoon System is
natural and phenomenal. Mitigation/ Adaptation ????.
Of late, monsoons in India have become more sporadic
reducing their duration and total precipitation
 Monsoon System getting Unpredictable
In 2018, the N-E monsoon decreased by 44% and the S- W monsoon
was deficient by 10%.

The summer S - W monsoon (usually June to September) was

delayed for 10 days, causing the rainfall to decrease by 36 percent in
comparison to the 50-year average. Hence, water levels in
reservoirs across the country decreased and led to extreme scarcity
in many major cities of India

In 2019, 91 (pre monsoon) major reservoirs faced 32% drop in their

water holdings causing disasters such like the Chennai Water crisis.
India’s
monsoon
System
getting
erratic

Source; India’ Second BUR – Biennial Update Report, MoEFCC (2018) to UNFCCC
 Water Resources in India
• Average precipitation - 1,170 millimetres (46 in) per year,
• or about 4,000 cubic kilometres of rains annually
• About 1,720 cubic metres (61,000 cu ft) of fresh water per person every year.
• Some 80 % of its area experiences rains of 750 millimetres (30 in) or more a year.
• The rain is not uniform over time and space.
• Most of the rains occur during monsoon .
• the North East and North receiving far more rains than West and South.
• Other than rains, the melting of snow over the Himalayas after winter season feeds the
northern rivers to varying degrees.
• In 2010
India harnessed 761 cubic kilometres (20 percent) of its water resources,
• Irrigation 688 cubic kilometres
• Municipal and drinking water 56 cubic kilometres
• Industry 17 cubic kilometres
 Water Resources in India
• Vast area of India is under tropical climate which is conducive throughout the year for
agriculture due to favorable warm and sunny conditions provided perennial water supply
is available to cater to the high rate of evapotranspiration from the cultivated land.
• Though the overall water resources are adequate, the supply gaps due to temporal and
spatial variations are to be bridged.
• The total water resources going waste to the sea are nearly 1200 billion cubic meters
after sparing moderate environmental / salt export water requirements of all rivers.

• We cannot totally stop all river water from going into sea as it will destroy marine biodiversity
particularly around estuaries.

• Food security only by water security

• Instead of Mega projects, small and local water conservation methods may be quick and
effective.
http://www.indiaspend.com/viznomics/indias-per-capita- https://www.slideshare.net/TejKiran2/water-resources-in-india
water-availability-fell-15-between-2001-2011
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Precipitation
 Water Availability_ Indian Scenario
Total Precipitation : 3880 BCM
Evaporation Losses : 1881 BCM
Annual water Availability: 1999 BCM
Utilizable water : 1132 BCM
• Surface Water : 690 BCM
• Ground Water : 432 BCM
• GW Utilization – 249 BCM

1400 Increasing demands for water for various purposes

1180
1200
Water Demand in BCM (km3)

111
As on 2011- 1545 m3
1000 843 70
81 Others
111
800 710 70
33 Energy
54 67
19 62
600 37
43 Industry
400 807 Drinking
557 611 Water
200
Irrigation
0
2010 2025 2050

2016
Year
Ground
water-
Indian
Context
 Ground water Crisis in
India

• 60 % of irrigation needs
• 85% of rural drinking water needs
• 50% of urban water needs
• Last 40 years – GW contributed more than 80 % in increasing Net
Irrigated area
• Contributes about 10 % to GDP
• Since 1975 , Indian Agriculture has emerged as world's largest user
of ground water by passing the total ground water withdrawal of
China and USA taken together.
Can we sustain this level of Utilization of GW Resource…???
Key findings of climate change projections for India

Increase in the frequency of extreme precipitation will also

mean that Much of the monsoon rain would be lost as direct
run-off Resulting in :
1. Reduced groundwater recharge
and
2. Increased ground water withdrawal

This might --
Further exasperate the present scenario of imbalanced
ground water development with > 22% of assessment units
classified as Over-exploited/Critical.
Hence, GW Sustainability is major Challenge under Climate change
 Economic growth exacerbates the demand for water

• with economic growth at 7-10% per year, poultry consumption is

rising at the rate of 15% per year in India, Indonesia and China - the
water demands of this nontraditional industry are only likely to grow;
• we need about 250,000 gallons of water to produce a ton of corn,
375,000 gallons to produce a ton of wheat, 1,000,000 gallons to
produce a ton of rice, and 7,500,000 of water to produce a ton of
beef.

18
 Jal Jeevan Mission
Department of Drinking Water & Sanitation
Ministry of Jal Shakti, Govt of India

To provide safe and adequate drinking water through individual

household tap connections by 2024 to all households in rural India.
To implement source sustainability measures as mandatory
elements, such as recharge and reuse through grey water
management, water conservation, rain water harvesting.
To be based on a community approach to water and will include
extensive Information, Education and communication as a key
component of the mission.
 - Since April 2020, primarily from June, more than
40 lakhs households have been given tap
connections...

Achievements - During 2019 - 20, after JJM announced on

under Jal 15.08.19, 84 lakh households were given tap
connections.
Jeevan
Mission (JJM) - Now daily 1 lakh families are being given tap
(as on 15th connections, thus improving lives of people in
July, 2020) rural areas.

- More than Rs. 8,000 crore Central fund available

to States/ UTs for these 3 months.

Source; Jal Shakti Mantralaya, (communication dated 15.07.2020 from Addl

Secretary, Jal Shakti Mantralaya)
 Narmada Based drinking water Pipeline
World’s layout in Gujarat
Largest
Drinking
Water
Pipeline
Project.

Narmada
Based
Project in
Gujarat Source; Concurrent Monitoring of World’s Largest Drinking Water Pipeline Project by PARVAH,
March 2017.
https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/PRAVAHA_FULL_FILE.pdf
 Narmada Drinking Water Pipelines in
Gujarat
Water and sanity Management Organisattion WASMO
Project in Gujarat
 Largest River linked Pipeline based Drinking Water Project in
World.
 Linking 9633 villages and 131 towns of Gujarat including
Gandhinagar
 Coverage- Entire Saurashtra, Kachchh and Parts of North
Gujarat ( Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Mehsana, BK , SK,
Panchmahal etc.)
 2,700 kms long Pipeline to link these places.
 Project completed
Source; Concurrent Monitoring of World’s Largest Drinking Water Pipeline Project by PARVAH, March 2017.
https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/PRAVAHA_FULL_FILE.pdf
 Management of Grey Water and Urban
Wastewater
Greywater Management
Takes water that has already been used from places like your laundry, shower
and sink etc (except toilet water) and divert it to use in another purpose like
watering gardens or landscaping instead of flushing it down into the sewer.

Urban Wastewater
The huge water demand of industry can be balanced by recycling and
reusing urban wastewater, which would also provide an opportunity for the
growth of Indian industry with this type of program. It would be possible to
reuse 40–50% of secondary sewage for industrial and indirect potable use.
 Sanitation Programme in India
(Swakchh Bharat Abhiyan)
Sanitation coverage of
Bhojpur in October 2014
was around 32%. As
many as 3 lakh toilets
were built across the
district and the district is
100% toilet coverage.
Procession- Dularpur
Village
Source ;Annual Report 2018-19
MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER &
SANITATION
Percentage
Sanitation
Coverage in
India

Source ;Annual Report 2018-19 MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER & SANITATION

State-
wise
Sanitation
Coverage
in India
(31.03.19)

Source ;Annual Report 2018-19 MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER & SANITATION

Source ;Annual Report 2018-19 MINISTRY OF DRINKING WATER & SANITATION
Most
of the Land
Earth (29%)
is Oceans
covered (71%)
by water

28
Volume of water stored in
the water cycle's reservoirs
Reservoir Volume of water Percent
(106 km³) of total
Ocean 1370 97.25
Ice caps & glaciers 29 2.05
Groundwater 9.5 0.68
Lakes 0.125 0.01
Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005
Atmosphere 0.013 0.001
Streams & rivers 0.0017 0.0001
Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004 29
Water Resources and Forest
• Number of essential economic, social and
environmental functions in addition to
supplying the cleanest water of any land
use
• Water availability has a direct impact on the
health of forests and their inhabitants
• Trees are made up of more than 50 percent
water and need a steady source of it in
order to grow and stay healthy
• Future Challenges
• Solutions
Year Agriculture Industry Domestic Per Capita
India Billion Lit/Day Lit/Day
2000 1658 115 93 88.9
2050 1745 441 227 167.0
30
 Conserving and Augmenting the
Natural Water Resources
Conserve Forests and Biodiversity
Rejuvenate all the major and minor Rivers.
Ground Water Conservation and regulation.
Save every drop of water
Clean all the water resources
No industrial effluents and municipal sewage in rivers and
drainage lines.
Conserve Wetlands, Ponds, Check Dams, Watersheds etc.
 Why Invest in Watershed Management?

• As per FAO’s “Why invest in watershed

management” there is urgent need to raise the awareness
of policy- and decision-makers about the environmental
services provided by watersheds, the risks and threats
currently affecting them, and related economics,
management policies, governance institutions and
programmes.
• Recent research supports the view that investing in
watershed management can significantly contribute to
resolving these often diverging concerns. 32
Watershed managed for purified water needs
of New York

33
 Case Study – Catskill Mountains
• New York City - water supplies - Catskill Mountains.
• Water requirement 1.3 billion gallons per day.
• Water getting contaminated due to population pressure, changing agriculture practices
and urbanization. The city needed to have sufficient quality.
• The cost of filtration was 8 to 10 billion USD per annum.
• The city authorities opted for
• Purchased important lands
• Paying the farmers the cost of adopting better farming methods which avoided
pollution. Such as organic farming. This was made part of their business plan.

• The city had to pay 1.5 billion dollars annually which included all costs,

35
Outcome of program Costs of alternative strategies to meet New York City
water quality requirements
Watershed
Filtration plant protection
• 93 percent of farmers in the watershed 0

had chosen to participate

-2
• ‘Whole Farm Planning’, the City pays
both the operating costs of the program
-4

US$ billions
and the capital costs of pollution
control investments on each farm.
-6
• one of the most successful non-point
pollution control programs in the United -8
States.
Low estimate
-10 High estimate

-12 36
Source: NRC (2000), Heal (1999)
Case Study -2 Madagascar’s protected areas System
• Stagnant agricultural yields & a growing population
have led to substantial clearing of land for
agricultural use
• A protected areas system has been created in an
effort to conserve biodiversity
• Valuable watershed protection services these areas
provide, their tourism benefits, and the payments
received for biodiversity conservation
• These results confirmed that Madagascar benefits
from its protected areas system, though that
depends on continued support from the global
community.
• Indicated the need for support to protected areas to
include appropriate compensation mechanisms for
local communities 37
Payments for environmental hydrological services in Mexico

• In 2003, Mexico created a programme of payments for hydrological environmental

services.
• Economic incentives for avoiding deforestation in areas with severe water problems.
• Direct payments to landowners with forest in excellent condition; it pays for
watershed conservation and for management and restoration of temperate and
tropical forests associated with water supply to communities.
• It is funded through a portion of water fees collected under the Federal Rights Law.
• The programme pays 400 pesos (US$36.9) per hectare for cloud forest and 300
pesos (US$27.7) for other types, and allows payments for up to 200 ha per
beneficiary.
• In 2007, about 480 000 ha were covered under the programme through 879
contracts (Martínez, 2007). 38
The Girnar Forest and Adjoining Villages

Source: Junagadh Forest Division

39
 Girnar PA and Water
Supply Augmentation
Seasonal rivers originating from Girnar
– Lol, Sonarekh, Gudajali and
Sonerakh.

2 large water streams – Dhedia and

Kalwa

4 major dams/ reservoirs – Hasnaput,

Willingdon, Khodiyar and Sipariya

Three minor dams – Rawatsagar,

Ransivav and Paswada

Groundwater recharge- Water table in

the region surrounding Girnar is 6-10 40
Water Provisioning from Girnar for human wellbeing
• Surface Water provisioning for domestic consumption – 3. 5 mcm/ annum
• Ground Water provisioning for domestic consumption – 6.1 mcm/ annum
• SW & GW sustains the domestic needs of about 68,700 households surrounding
Girnar
• Water for irrigation – 56,724 hectare-piyats/annum (for 41 villages in 5 km buffer)
Economic Value of Water Provisioning from Girnar
• Value of water for domestic consumption = INR 578 lakhs per annum
• Value of (ground) water used for irrigation in the 5 km buffer = INR 309 lakhs per
annum
• Marginal agricultural productivity due to irrigation in the region = INR 674 lakhs per
annum
Estimates are on conservative side, and are based on appropriate Valuation Methodology for Ecosystem Services,
applied with rigor.
Source: Ph.D. Thesis, Sweta Rajpurohit,412017
 Valuation of Ecological Services by GIR P A in Gujara

Gir Ecosystem:
The Home of the Roaring Cat

42
 Major Reservoirs in Gir PA

Name of the dam

Details Unit
Hiran-1 Shingoda Machhundri Raval Total
Area of catchment sq. kms. 81.00 281.00 218.00 240.00 820.00

Area of full reservoir sq. kms. 3.35 5.55 4.47 2.46 15.83

Gross storage capacity MCM 21.60 36.40 31.84 26.73 116.57

Effective storage MCM 20.50 36.07 26.37 24.00 106.94

capacity
Submergence area ha. 335.41 555.00 448.00 246.00 1584.41

Gross command area sq. kms. 80.92 85.08 99.95 81.00 346.95

Culturable command sq. kms. 39.56 85.08 80.95 48.60 254.19

area
Source : Singh and Kamboj (1996).
Table (26) 47 : Total annual economic benefits from Gir PA
Sr. (Rs. in Million)
Particulars Item Income Expenditure
No.
1 Direct use value Grass 680.20 (9.66) ---
Tourists’ fees 2.32 (0.03) ---
Willingness to pay 0.54 (0.01) ---
(Tourist)
Timber 43.61 (0.62) ---
Firewood 53.33 (0.76) ---
Benefit from NEC 1.19 (0.02) ---
Agricultural production 6020.05 (85.52) ---
Sugar industries 166.98 (2.37)
Marketing of mango 71.24 (1.01) ---
Sub total 7039.46 (100.00) ---
2 Indirect use value Environmental benefit 15334.78(100.00)
3 Total benefit 22374.24 ---
4 Management cost ---- 86.89 (6.85)
5 cost of forest land ----- 1181.47(93.15)
Sub total 1268.36
(100.00)
6 Total annual economic 21105.88 44
benefits (Rs. in million)
Shimla Water Catchment
Sanctuary

Source;https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/742
90/13/13_chapter%203.pdf
 Community participation and Water
Conservation movements in India
The Groundwater Recharge Movement in India
-Saurashtra Success story
Conserve River movements – Rajendra Singh, Satguru etc
Pani Panchayats
Watershed Committees and NGOs
Awareness Programmes and Mass Communication
 Issues and the Path Ahead
• Water Pollution and Water contamination
• Water supply and distribution system
• Supply of good potable water. Also to avoid plastic pollution.
• Avoid Wastage and better water utilization
• Water efficient agricultural practices.
• Ground Water Charging
• Rain water harvesting
• Reduction in Industrial use of water.
• Research and Development for avoiding evaporation losses.
• Watershed management
• River valleys and catchment area conservation.
• Conservation of Forests
• Massive peoples’ involvement
• Public awareness about water and Sanitation.
 Threats and Issues Related to water
• Rising per capita demand of water due to population rise and Industrial/
Urban development.
• Rising demand for irrigation due to modern agricultural pracices.
• Degrading Catchments of all Rivers.
• Degrading quality of forests.
• Loss of wetlands.
• Interventions on Drainage Lines.
• Excessive drawl of Ground Water.
• Water pollution including ground water pollution.
• Lack of ground water recharge due to deforestation and changes in land
use leading to more and more ground cover by impervious surfaces.
49
 What can we do?
• Save every drop of water.
• Water treatment, water recycling and water reuse to be effectively adopted.
• Drip Irrigation, dry farming, Organic farming etc. to be promoted.
• Massive Afforestation / reforestation and tree plantings.
• Investments on catchment area treatment s for each river.
• Ground water recharge.
• Rain water harvesting.
• Conservation of all wetland, ponds etc. including their catchment areas.
• Regeneration of all traditional water harvesting structures.
• Looking into and adopting traditional water use systems.
• All drainage line interventions to be very thoughtfully done.
• Strict control over ground water withdrawals.
• Urban planning and urban landscape planning to seriously include ground water
recharge.
• Effective control on water pollution including ground water pollution. 50
51