TOPIC:

• SLING AND IT'S TYPE​

• TYPE
OF SUSPENSION: AXIAL
AND VERTICAL​
SUBMITTED BY GROUP 3
 Introduction to slings and
SAHAR suspension systems
CHAUDHAR
Y
F22-037
In the context of physiotherapy, slings and suspension systems are tools
used to support and stabilize injured or weakened body parts during
rehabilitation. These systems are designed to offload weight, reduce
strain, and facilitate proper alignment and movement patterns, aiding in
the recovery process.
Slings are often employed to immobilize or
support specific body parts, such as the
shoulder, elbow, or wrist, following surgery
or injury. By providing support and
restricting movement, slings help promote
healing and protect the injured area from
further damage during the initial stages of
recovery.
Suspension systems, on the other
hand, utilize overhead support
structures or harnesses to partially
or fully support a patient's body
weight during exercises or
functional activities. This allows
patients with lower limb injuries or
weakness to engage in weight-
bearing exercises and gait training
with reduced stress on the affected
joints or muscles.
In physiotherapy, the use of slings and suspension systems
is tailored to each patient's specific needs and rehabilitation
goals. They play a vital role in facilitating safe and
effective rehabilitation, helping patients regain strength,
mobility, and function following injury or surgery.
 Types of Slings:
1. Chain Slings
NIMRA 2. Wire Rope Slings
MANZOOR
F22-38 3. Web Slings
4. Round Slings
1. Chain Slings: Chain slings
are made up of metal chain links,
providing durability and strength
for lifting heavy loads. They are
resistant to high temperatures,
cutting, and abrasion, making
them suitable for rugged
environments. Chain slings are
versatile and can be adjusted by
changing the attachment points.
2. Round Slings: Round slings
are flexible and lightweight, made
of polyester fibers encased in
a protective sleeve. They are gentle
on delicate surfaces and can
conform to the shape of the load
being lifted. Round slings are easy
to handle and store, and are color-
coded based on their lifting
capacities for safety and
convenience.
3. Wire Slings:
Wire slings are constructed using steel
wires that are woven together, providing
strong lifting capabilities. They are
resistant to heat, cutting, and
abrasion, making them ideal for heavy-
duty lifting applications. Wire slings
can be single or multi-legged, offering
different configurations for various lifting
requirements.
4. Web Slings: Web slings are made
of synthetic fibers such as nylon,
polyester, or polypropylene,
offering excellent flexibility and load
protection. They are lightweight, easy
to handle, and suitable for delicate
loads where surface protection
is critical. Web slings come in various
configurations, including flat
and endless loops, providing versatility
for different lifting scenarios.
 Material Composition
and Construction of slings
AIMAN
AMEER
F22-039
Slings are manufactured from various materials, each chosen for its specific
properties and suitability for different lifting applications. Understanding the
material composition and construction methods is essential for selecting the
appropriate sling type to ensure safe and efficient lifting operations. Here's a detailed
exploration:

. Steel Chains:​
• Chain slings are constructed from metal
chains typically made of alloy steel, which
is known for its high strength and
durability. ​
• Alloy steel chains are resistant to abrasion,
corrosion, and high temperatures,
making them suitable for heavy-duty lifting
tasks in harsh environments.
2. Wire Ropes: ​
• Wire rope slings are made from
strands of steel wire twisted or
braided together to form a flexible
and strong lifting component. ​
• The steel wires are typically
galvanized for corrosion resistance
or stainless steel for enhanced
durability in corrosive
environments.
3. Synthetic Fibers:
• Web slings are constructed from synthetic
fibers such as nylon, polyester, or
polypropylene, woven together to form a
flat webbing material.
• Nylon web slings are known for their high
strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion,
making them suitable for heavy loads and
rough surfaces.
• Polyester web slings offer excellent resistance
to UV radiation, chemicals, and moisture,
making them ideal for outdoor and marine
applications.
• Polypropylene web slings are lightweight and
buoyant, making them suitable for use in wet
or corrosive environments.
4. Round Slings:​
• Round slings are made from a continuous loop
of synthetic material, typically
polyester, enclosed in a protective cover for
added durability. ​
• The soft and flexible construction of round
slings allows them to conform to the shape
of the load, providing secure and stable
lifting. ​
• Polyester round slings offer high strength,
abrasion resistance, and low stretch properties,
making them suitable for delicate loads and
critical lifting applications
Construction Methods of Slings:
• The construction of slings involves various techniques such as weaving, welding, braiding,
or splicing, depending on the sling type and material.
• Chain slings are assembled by welding or forging individual chain links to form a
continuous chain, with each link inspected for defects and proper weld integrity.
• Wire rope slings are fabricated by twisting or braiding multiple strands of steel wire
together to form a strong and flexible rope, with end fittings attached by swaging, splicing,
or clamping.
• Web slings are manufactured by weaving synthetic fibers together to form a flat webbing
material, with reinforced edges and eye loops stitched securely to provide attachment
points.
• Round slings are constructed by enclosing a continuous loop of synthetic material within a
protective cover, with the ends securely stitched to form durable and reliable lifting
components.
 Working Load Limits and
Load Ratings
KHADIJA
J AV E D
F22-040
WORKING LOAD LIMITS:
Working load limit is the maximum weight or
force that a piece of lifting equipment is designed
to handle during normal use. It is also referred to
as the safe working load (SWL), rated capacity, or
working load.
CALCULATED BY: The WLL is calculated by
dividing Minimum breaking load(MBL) by a
safety factor (SF).
As such:
WLL=MBL / SF
LOAD RATINGS:
A load rating ( often referred to as a ‘load
index') is a tyre's determined load
capaciy or maximum weight that the tyre
can carry, represented by a numerical value
ranging from 0 to 279. The lower the tyre
load index, the lower the load – carrying
capacity, and vice versa.
 Inspection and Maintenance
Protocols for Slings

AREEHA
ZAHID
F22-042
When it comes to the inspection and
maintenance of slings, it is important to
follow specific protocols to ensure their safety
and longevity.
Here are some guidelines to consider:

 Regular Inspection: Inspect slings before

each use for any signs of wear, damage, or
defects. Look for cuts, tears, abrasions,
broken stitching, or any other visible damage
that could compromise the sling's strength.

 Load Capacity Check: Make sure the sling

is rated for the intended load capacity and
application. Do not exceed the manufacturer's
recommended weight limit.
 Cleaning: Keep slings clean and free from dirt, debris, or contaminants that could weaken the
material. Follow manufacturer's recommendations for cleaning and maintenance.

 Storage: Store slings in a clean, dry, and well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight,
chemicals, or sharp objects that could cause damage.

 Retire Damaged Slings: If a sling shows signs of damage or wear beyond repair, remove it
from service immediately and replace it with a new one.
 Retraining: Ensure that personnel handling slings are properly trained in their
inspection, maintenance, and safe use. Regularly review safety protocols and best
practices with staff.

 Documentation: Keep records of inspections, maintenance, and any repairs or

replacements made to slings. This helps track the lifespan of the slings and
ensures compliance with safety regulations.

By following these inspection and maintenance protocols for slings, we can help
ensure their safe and effective use in lifting and rigging operations.
 Safe Handling Practices
for Slings
ALIHA
BUKHARI
F22-043
1.Selection of slings must be based on their intended use, the type and
size of load, and the environmental conditions of the worksite.

2. Before inspecting a sling, clean it thoroughly as dirt and oil may

hide damage. Do the same right after using the sling to check if it has
damage before you store it.

3. Before and after using a sling, it must be inspected by the operator.

They should check for broken wires, damaged rope strands and other
signs of wear or defects.

4. Discard wire rope slings when they show the following signs:
• Excessive broken wires
-Severe corrosion
-A one-third reduction in outer wire diameter
-Damage or displacement of end -fittings like rings, hooks, collars, and
links.​
-Distortion, bird caging, kinking​
-Localized wear on the outside​

5. Lubricate every rope sling “in the field” to prolong their service. The
heavier the loads, the more adverse the environmental conditions, the
greater the number of bends, the more frequently you should lubricate it.

6. When carrying loads, ensure that they are not clamped, lagged or
bolted to the floor.
7. Before lifting loads all the way, check the tension on the sling. You
can do this by raising the load a few inches, stopping and checking for
proper balance.

8. Make sure the path of travel is clear of workers whenever you raise,
lower or lower the load.

9. Slowly take up the slack in the sling to guard against shock loading.
Be doubly cautious when applying power at the beginning of the lift.
This way, you can prevent jerking. You can also prevent this hazard by
slowly accelerating and decelerating the equipment.
 Proper Storage
Techniques for Slings
EMAN
ZULFIQAR
F22-044
1. Clean and Inspect: Before storing slings, make sure they are clean
and free from any dirt, debris, or contaminants. Inspect them for
any signs of damage such as cuts, tears, or fraying.

2. Avoid Exposure: Slings should be stored in a dry, clean, and well-

ventilated area to prevent moisture buildup and potential damage.
Keep them away from direct sunlight or extreme temperatures that
could degrade the material.

3. Proper Hanging: When storing slings, it's best to hang them

vertically on a rack or hook to prevent any unnecessary stress or
pressure on the fibers. Avoid storing them in a tangled or twisted
manner, as this can cause damage.
4. Separation: To prevent any potential damage or entanglement,
store different types of slings separately. This will help maintain
their integrity and ensure they are ready for use when needed.

5. Regular Inspection: Even during storage, it's important to

periodically inspect the slings for any signs of wear, damage, or
degradation. This will help identify any issues early on and prevent
accidents during future.
 Sling Configurations and
Hitch types
AMNA AAMIR
F22-046
SLING CONFIGURATION:
SINGLE-LEG SLING DOUBLE-LEG SLING MULTI-LEG SLING
Consists of one sling Involves two slings attached Utilizes three or more slings
attached to the lifting point to a master link or hook, attached to a master link or
and used for straight vertical providing stability and hook, distributing the load
lifts. balance for the load. weight evenly.
 Hitch Types
1.Vertical Hitch:
The load is lifted vertically using a
single-leg sling or multiple slings
attached to a common lifting point.

2. Basket Hitch:
Two slings are used to cradle the load
from both sides, providing stability and
preventing the load from slipping.
3.CHOKER HITCH:
The sling is wrapped around the load and then
passed through its own eye, creating a choking effect
for secure lifting.

4.VERTICAL BASKET HITCH:

Combines elements of the vertical
and basket hitches, using multiple
slings to lift the load vertically
while also providing stability from
the side.
Remember, the choice of sling configuration and hitch type
depends on factors such as the load's shape, weight
distribution, and lifting requirements.
Always follow proper safety guidelines and consult
industry standards when using slings.
 Factors Affecting Sling
Selection
ALIHA
SHAHID
F22-047
Sling selection is influenced by several factors tailored to the patient's condition
and treatment goals:

Injury or Condition: The type and severity of the injury or condition being
treated dictate the type of support and immobilization required.

Patient's Anatomy: Considerations such as body size, shape, and any

anatomical variations impact the fit and comfort of the sling.

Range of Motion Requirements: Depending on the therapeutic goals, the sling

may need to support or restrict certain movements.

Comfort and Skin Sensitivity: Patients' comfort and skin sensitivity influence
the choice of sling material and design to prevent discomfort or irritation.
Mobility Needs: Whether the patient requires partial or full immobilization, or
if mobility aids are necessary, affects the type of the sling.

Therapist's Expertise: The therapist's knowledge and experience play a role

in selecting the most appropriate sling for the patient's needs and ensuring
proper fitting and usage.

Duration of Use: Consideration of whether the sling will be used temporarily

for acute injuries or for longer-term rehabilitation and support.

Adaptability and Adjustability: Sling designs that offer flexibility in

adjustment and adaptation to changing therapeutic needs are beneficial.

Ease of Application and Removal: Sling selection may prioritize designs that
are easy for both patients and therapists to apply and remove.
Cost and Accessibility: Affordability and availability of the sling, as well as
insurance coverage, may influence the selection process.

Compatibility with Other Treatments: Consideration of how the sling

integrates with other physiotherapy modalities and treatments being used for
the patient's rehabilitation.

Patient Preference : Taking into account the patient's preferences and

ensuring their comfort and willingness to comply with sling usage instructions
are essential for successful rehabilitation outcomes
 Overview of Axial
Suspension Systems
IRUM
AMJAD
F22-049
Suspension:
Defined as suspending a part of the body or whole body with the supported slings
and pulleys

Axial suspension:
• Joint axis is taken as the point of the suspension.
• The limb is supported by the slings above the axis of the joint.
• If the movement is initiated the limb moves both sides and the base of the
swings shows the segment of the base of the cone shape.
• The part moves parallel to the floor.

Purpose:
To unload or reduce the load on a particular body part, which can be beneficial for
individuals with injuries, musculoskeletal conditions, or those undergoing
rehabilitation
Techniques :
use of specialized equipment such as anti-gravity treadmills, body-
weight support systems, aquatic therapy, and spinal decompression
devices
Applications:
○Axial suspension therapy is commonly used in physical therapy and
rehabilitation settings.

○It can benefit individuals recovering from lower limb injuries,

surgeries, spinal conditions, and neurological disorders.

○It can also be used to improve gait patterns, balance, and overall
functional mobility
 Uses:
1. Relaxation.
2. Maintain muscular property.
3. Increase the blood circulation.
4. Increase the venous drainage
5. Increase the lymphatic drainage.
 Application and Characteristics of
Vertical Suspension Systems

ALINA
F22-050
Vertical suspension:
Vertical suspension limits the movement of the body part to a small range pendular
movement on each side of the central resting position so that it is primarily used to
support the part.
For example, in the abducted upper limb when the elbow axial fixation is used over
the elbow for forearm movement.
• COG of the body part or the body is taken as point of suspension.
• Used to provide support to the body parts of the patient.

Mechanism of movement:
In using vertical fixation the rope is fixed so that it hangs vertically above the centre
of gravity of the part to be suspended.
Vertical suspension is used for support as it tends to limit the movement of the part
to a small-range pendular movement on each side of the central resting point
Application of vertical suspension:
• Relaxation
• Prevent pressure sore
• Support

Application sites for vertical suspension:-

Suspension for the Upper Extremity:

Shoulder Joint:
• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction

Elbow Joint:
• Flexion and Extension
Suspension for the Lower Extremity:

The Hip ​
• Abduction and Adduction ​
• Hip Flexion and Extension
​
The Knee ​
• Flexion and Extension ​

The Ankle ​
It is rarely necessary to use suspension as in this case it is easier to
perform supported movements by using a polished board.
Characteristics:
Suspension characteristics, such as
castor angle, trail and the steering
axis inclination, require an initial
computation of the suspension
system steer axis. Generally the
concept of a steer axis is
straightforward when considering,
for example, the double wishbone
system.
 Comparison of Axial and
Vertical Suspension
S H I FA
Systems
YOUNAS
F22-051
Axial Suspension : Axial suspension, also known as longitudinal
suspension, refers to the movement of the suspension components along
the length of the vehicle, typically in response to acceleration or
deceleration forces. It helps absorb shocks and vibrations generated
during acceleration and braking.

Vertical Suspension: Vertical suspension, on the other hand, refers to the

system's ability to absorb shocks and vibrations caused by irregularities in
the road surface, such as bumps, potholes, and undulations. It allows the
wheels to move up and down independently to maintain traction and
provide a smoother ride for passengers.
Axial Suspension System:

1. Mechanism:
- Axial suspension systems utilize a set of parallel axles connected to the
wheels.
- The suspension movement is primarily along the axis of the vehicle,
providing support and damping forces.
2. Components:
- Axles: These are the main load-bearing components that connect the
wheels and transmit the vehicle's weight to the suspension system.
- Springs: Typically coil or leaf springs are used to absorb shocks and
provide cushioning.
- Dampers: Shock absorbers or dampers control the oscillations of the
springs, ensuring a smooth ride by dampening vibrations.
*Vertical Suspension System:*

1. *Mechanism:*
- Vertical suspension systems, also known as independent suspension systems, allow
each wheel to move independently of the others.
- This enables better wheel articulation and control over uneven terrain, as each wheel
can respond separately to bumps and obstacles.

2. *Components:*
- Struts: These are the primary load-bearing components that support the weight of the
vehicle and provide structural integrity.
- Springs: Coil springs or torsion bars are commonly used to support the vehicle's
weight and absorb shocks.
- Control arms: These linkages connect the wheels to the chassis and control the
vertical movement of the wheels.
 Regulatory Compliance
and Standards for Sling
NABEELA and Suspension Use
S A R FA R A Z
F22-052
 Regulatory compliance and standards for sling and suspension systems pertain to the
rules, regulations, and guidelines established by governmental agencies, industry
organizations, and standards bodies to ensure the safe design, manufacture, installation,
and use of these equipment types.
Regulatory compliance and standards for sling and suspension use typically vary by
country or region, but there are some general guidelines and standards that are
commonly followed internationally. Here are some key aspects to consider:

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): In the United States,

OSHA sets regulations and standards for workplace safety, including those related to
the use of slings and suspensions. OSHA's standards for slings and lifting equipment
can be found in 29 CFR 1910.184.
• European Union (EU) Standards: The EU has its own set of standards and
regulations regarding the use of slings and suspension equipment. The European
Commission provides directives and standards for lifting equipment, including
slings, under the Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC) and the European Norm (EN)
standards.​

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO develops international

standards for a wide range of industries, including standards related to lifting
equipment and safety. ISO standards such as ISO 7531 and ISO 7537 provide
guidelines for the selection, safe use, and maintenance of slings and lifting
accessories.​

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME): ASME produces standards

and codes related to engineering practices, including those for lifting equipment.
ASME B30.9 specifically addresses slings and offers guidance on their use,
inspection, and maintenance.​
• Manufacturer Recommendations: It's important to follow the guidelines and
recommendations provided by the manufacturer of the sling or suspension
equipment. This includes information on safe working loads, inspection
procedures, and any specific usage instructions.​

• Training and Certification: Proper training and certification in the use of slings
and suspension equipment are often required by regulatory agencies and industry
standards. Workers should be trained on the safe use of equipment, proper
rigging techniques, and how to identify signs of wear or damage.​

• Regular Inspection and Maintenance: Ongoing inspection and maintenance of

slings and suspension equipment are essential for ensuring safety and compliance.
This includes visual inspections before each use, periodic thorough examinations,
and prompt replacement of damaged or worn equipment.
• Risk Assessment: Employers should conduct risk assessments to identify
potential hazards associated with sling and suspension use and implement
appropriate controls to mitigate risks.​

• Documentation: Keep thorough records of inspections, maintenance, and

training to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements and
industry standards. ​

• It's essential to stay updated with the latest regulations and standards
applicable to your specific industry and location to ensure compliance and
promote a safe working environment. Consulting with regulatory agencies,
industry organizations, and legal advisors can provide further guidance
on meeting compliance requirement.
A