INSTITUTE OF AERONOTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad – 500043
Topic:
Presented by
Key Design Drivers of Cyber-Physical Systems
SAHANA SUSHEELA
Assistant Professor
Cyber Security Department
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Contents
• Key Design Drivers of Cyber-Physical Systems
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Introduction to cyber physical
systems
• These advances, in fact, abstracted away behaviors that could be
important in one discipline but were not relevant in the other.
• This is the case, for instance, with the timeless nature of
programming languages and logical verification models in which only
sequences of instructions are considered.
• This nature contrasts with the importance of time in the evolution of
physical processes such as the movement of a car and maintenance
of the temperature of a room that we are trying to control.
Introduction to cyber physical
systems
• The early realization of the interactions between computational and
physical science gave birth to some simple and mostly pairwise
interaction models.
• This is the case with real-time scheduling theory and control theory,
for example.
• On the one hand, scheduling theory adds time to computational
elements and allows us to verify the response time of computations
that interact with physical processes, thereby ensuring that such a
process does not deviate beyond what the computational part
expects and is capable of correcting.
Introduction to cyber physical
systems
• On the other hand, control theory allows us to put together a control
algorithm and a physical process and analyze whether it would be
possible for the algorithm to keep the system within a desired region
around a specific setpoint.
• While control theory uses a continuous time model in which
computations happen instantaneously, it allows the addition of
delays to take into account the computation time (including
scheduling), making it possible to specify the periodicity of
computations and provide a clean interface with scheduling.
• As the complexity of the interactions between domains increases,
new techniques are developed to model such interactions. This is the
case, for instance, with hybrid systems—a type of state machine in
which the states model computational and physical states and the
transitions model computational actions and physical evolutions.
Key Design Drivers of Cyber-Physical Systems
1. Integration of Physical and Cyber Components:
1. Seamless Interaction: CPS must ensure seamless interaction between the physical (hardware,
sensors, actuators) and cyber (software, algorithms, networks) components.
2. Real-Time Processing: The system should be capable of processing data in real-time or near-real-
time to respond promptly to physical events.
2. Complexity Management:
1. Modularity: Breaking down the system into smaller, manageable modules that can be developed,
tested, and maintained independently.
2. Scalability: The system should be able to scale efficiently with the addition of new components or
increased load without performance degradation.
3. Safety and Security:
1. Fail-Safe Mechanisms: CPS should include mechanisms that ensure safety in case of system
failure, preventing harm to humans or the environment.
2. Cybersecurity: Protecting the system against cyber threats is critical, especially when dealing with
sensitive data or critical infrastructure.
4. Interoperability:
1. Standards Compliance: CPS must comply with industry standards to ensure that different systems
and components can work together.
2. Cross-Domain Integration: The ability to integrate with other systems across different domains
(e.g., healthcare, automotive, manufacturing).
Introduction to cyber physical
systems
5. Energy Efficiency:
1. Power Management: Effective management of power
consumption, especially in embedded systems or those reliant
on battery power.
2. Sustainable Design: Incorporating sustainable practices and
materials to reduce the environmental impact of the system.
6. User-Centric Design:
3. Usability: The system should be intuitive and easy to use for
operators, ensuring that it meets the needs of its users.
4. Human-Machine Interaction (HMI): Designing interfaces that
facilitate effective interaction between humans and machines.
•.
Quality Attributes of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)
1. Reliability:
1. Fault Tolerance: The system should be able to continue functioning correctly even when
some components fail.
2. Availability: High availability is crucial, especially for systems that operate in critical
environments (e.g., medical devices, autonomous vehicles).
2. Performance:
1. Latency: The system should exhibit low latency to ensure timely responses to physical
events.
2. Throughput: The ability of the system to process a high volume of data efficiently.
3. Security:
1. Data Integrity: Ensuring that data is accurate and has not been tampered with.
2. Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access.
3. Authentication and Authorization: Ensuring that only authorized users and devices can
access the system.
4. Resilience:
1. Robustness: The system should be able to handle unexpected conditions without crashing.
2. Recovery: The ability to recover quickly from failures or disruptions.
Introduction to cyber physical
systems
6. Maintainability:
1. Modifiability: The ease with which the system can be updated or
modified to adapt to new requirements.
2. Testability: The system should be designed to facilitate testing, making it
easier to detect and fix issues.
7. Scalability:
3. Vertical Scaling: The ability to enhance the capacity of the system's
components (e.g., increasing processing power).
4. Horizontal Scaling: The ability to add more components or nodes to the
system without significant reconfiguration.
8. Adaptability:
5. Context Awareness: The system should be able to adapt to changes in its
environment or operational context.
6. Self-Optimization: The ability to optimize performance based on real-
time data and changing conditions
