Name:Khadija BIBI
Roll No:5048
Semester: 8th
Department:Botany
Subject:Plants Genetics
II
submitted to:Dr.Binish
Khaliq
Assignment Topics:
Human Genome Project
Plant Genome Project
INT R O D UCT IO N TO H G P
• The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international
scientific research project that aimed to determine the
complete sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up
human DNA and all the genes it contains.
• It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project.
• The idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government. When
the planning started, the project was formally launched in
1990 and was declared complete in 2003.
• The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the
nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome.
• The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping the
"human genome" involved sequencing the genomes of a
small number of individuals and then assembling these
together to get a complete sequence for each chromosome.
• The finished human genome is thus a mosaic, not
representing any one individual.
GOALS OF HGP
• To identify and map all the 20,000-25,000 genes (approx) in
the human DNA from a physical and functional standpoint.
• To determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base
pairs that make up the human DNA.
• To store this information in databases.
• To discover more efficient technologies for data analysis.
• Allow the private sector access to the information and
technologies that arise from this project.
• Also to sequence the genomes of other organisms that are
important in medical research such as mouse, Drosophila,
etc.
PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES
AND F U N D I N G A G E N C I E S
• In 1990, the two major funding agencies, the US
Department of Energy (DOE) and National Institute of
Health (NIH), developed an MoU in order to coordinate
plans and set the clock for the initiation of the Project.
• Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was
performed in 20 universities and research centers in the
United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France,
Germany, Canada, and China.
• A parallel project was conducted outside the government
sponsorship by the Celera Corporation or the Celera
Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998.
• S E Q U E N C ING S T R AT E G I E S
• To sequence DNA, it must first be amplified, or increased in
quantity.
• Two types of DNA amplifications are cloning and
Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR).
• Now that the DNA has been amplified, sequencing can
begin.
• Sequencing techniques used in HGP are:
• Shotgun sequencing method
• Sanger sequencing method
S H OTG U N METHOD
A P P L I C AT I O N S O F H G P
• The sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for
many fields, from molecular medicine to human evolution.
• Helps in identifying disease-causing genes.
• Identification of mutations linked to different forms of cancer.
• The sequence of the DNA is stored in databases available to
anyone on the Internet.
• The U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (and sister
organizations in Europe and Japan) house the gene sequence in a
database known as GenBank, along with sequences of known and
hypothetical genes and proteins.
• Will allow for advances in agriculture through genetic
modification to yield healthier, more disease-resistant
crops.
• Benefitted the advancement of forensic science.
• Precision Medicine
• Gene Editing Technologies
• Biomedical Research
• Population Genomics
• Environmental Genomics
• Data Integration and Analysis
• Education and Public Engagement
Precision Medicine: Advances in genomic sequencing and analysis
techniques will enable the development of personalized medical
treatments tailored to an individual's genetic makeup. This approach,
known as precision medicine, has the potential to revolutionize
healthcare by optimizing treatment efficacy and minimizing adverse
effects.
Gene Editing Technologies: Continued improvements in gene editing
technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, hold promise for correcting genetic
mutations that cause inherited diseases. These technologies also offer
opportunities for enhancing desirable traits in plants and animals, with
implications for agriculture and conservation efforts.
Biomedical Research: The availability of comprehensive genomic data
will continue to drive biomedical research, leading to deeper insights
into the genetic basis of complex diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and
neurodegenerative disorders. This knowledge can inform the
development of novel therapies and preventive strategies.
Population Genomics: Large-scale genomic studies involving diverse
populations will provide valuable insights into genetic diversity,
population health disparities, and evolutionary history. These studies
can inform public health interventions, disease prevention strategies,
and population-specific medical treatments.
Environmental Genomics: Integration of genomic data with
environmental and lifestyle factors will enable a better understanding of
gene-environment interactions and their impact on health and disease
susceptibility. This interdisciplinary approach, known as environmental
genomics, has implications for environmental health, biodiversity
conservation, and ecosystem management.
Data Integration and Analysis: Advancements in computational biology
and artificial intelligence will enhance our ability to analyze large-scale
genomic datasets and extract meaningful insights. Integrated analysis of
genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and clinical data will facilitate
systems-level understanding of biological processes and disease
mechanisms.
Education and Public Engagement: Promoting genomic literacy and
engaging the public in discussions about the implications of genomic
research are critical for fostering informed decision-making and
ensuring responsible implementation of genomic technologies.
Education initiatives and public dialogue platforms will play a vital role
in building trust and addressing misconceptions.
