Unit V:

A World of Regions
Lesson 12: Global Divides
Social Stratification
- is essentially the phenomenon of segregating,
grouping, and ranking people based on differences in
class, race, economics status, and other categories.
Factors of Social Stratification:
• Economic Status
• Racial and Ethnic Stratification
• Gender Stratification
• Age Stratification
• Educational Stratification
• Castle Syempre
• Religious Stratification
Modernization Theory
- is a theoretical framework in
sociology, economics and international
relations that explains the process of
social, economics and political
transformation of societies from
traditional to modern forms.
Key aspects of Modernization
Theory:
• Economic Development
• Social Change
• Political Development
• Cultural transformation
Notable Proponents of
Modernization Theory:

1. Walt Rostow (1960)

2. Daniel Lerner ( 1958)
3. Seymour Martin Lipset (1960)
Modernization Theory
 Modernization
- means updating and improving something usually a
country, society or organization to make it more modern
and efficient.
It involves:
1. Adapting New Technologies
2. Changing old ways of thinking and doing things
3. Improving Infrastructure
4. Developing Institution
5. Embracing global standards and best practices
 Modenization
Advantages Disadvantages
• Improved living standards • Loss of traditional
• Better education and healthcare • Environmental harm
• Increased economic opportunities • Social inequality

• Improved infrastructure • Job displacement

• Loss of community
• Global connections
• Overconsumption
• Environmental benefits
• Increased life expectancy
• Cultural exchange
Dependency Theories
- by Raul Prebisch and Hans Singer
( Prebish- Singer Hypothesis)
- suggest that countries are either "core"
(developed) or " peripheral " (developing)
such that resources tend to flow from
peripheral to the core.
Dependency Theories
 World System
By Wallerstien (1975)
- composed of boundaries, structures, member
groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence.

This world system is assumed to "compromise a

single capitalism world - economy"
( Graf, 1980)
Global Divided
- global disparities, often due to stratification due to
differing economic affluence but can also be in other
aspects of globalization.
 First, Second and Third
World
• Cold War - a state of political tensions and rivalry,
from the mid- 1940s to early 1990s.

Cold War yielded two chief political factions:

• The Western Bloc - First World Countries
• The Eastern Bloc- Second World Countries
First World: The
Western Bloc
- comprised by the industrial/ capitalist US
and the North Atlantic Alliance ( NATO),
which includes United Kingdom, Canada,
France, Italy among others.
Second World:The Eastern
Bloc
- led by by the communist/socialist Russian
Soviet Federated Socialist Republic which
includes Albania, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Afghanistan and etc.
 The Third
World
- the developing countries in
Asia , Africa, Latin America and
other regions.
The Brandt Report
• - 1980s reported by the Independent Commission on
International Development Issues and the commission
led by Willy Brandt (West German Chancellor)
• - this report categorized countries in the northern
hemisphere as comparatively smaller in population
and more economically affluent than countries in the
southern hemisphere
Brandt Line
• - an imaginary line that
divides the world into the
developed north and the
developing south.
Brandt Line
Brandt Equation
• -in early 2000s, prepared by James
Bernard Quilligan
• - describing the new global economy as
facing "financial contagion" and
requiring "major international relief
program" (Quilligan, 2010)
Daniel Sneijder(1980), in a special report in EIR News Service Inc.,
summarize the contentions of the Brandt Report:

• " one world economic system " that governs even countries
taxation of certain items
• "zero growth and Malthusianism", which suggests that controlling
overpopulation will cure underdevelopment
• " basic needs and appropriate technology", focusing on labor than
technology
• "promotion of solar energy "
• " strengthen the IMF/World Band System"
William D. Graf
- a political and foreign affairs expert at the
time , wrote a comprehensive critique in The
socialist Register (1981)
- he pointed out that while the Brandt
commission is seemingly represented according
to "classes" within these countries, because
most of the representatives are coming from
political elites.
For graf, a proposal for a global economic
reform should:
1. Look at the "historical evolution of the
world order"
2. Examine "global relations " including
"class relations "
3. "Define goals and objectives "
4. "Specify strategy and tactic"
Lesson 13
The Global South
Global North
- may refer to countries that
are geographical in the
northern hemisphere or to
countries that are developed.
Global South
• - may refer to the countries that
are geographical in the southern
hemisphere or to countries that
are developing or economically
struggling
Claudio (2014)
- in his article, " Locating the south" he suggests
that "there is no uniform global south as the concept is
construed both objectively and subjectively, and thus
begging for "academic analysis " to articulate it.
- his vividly examples on how we might see and
experience globalization in our daily lives, from the lens
of diverging opinions about globalization, emphasized
how "globalization creates both affluence and poverty "
and how "poverty is also being globalized "
Claudio (2014) provided three
contentions:

• "Declaration process produces states"

• Problems of globalization can be discussed
and solved at the state level
• "Transnational phenomenon" are arguably
outcomes of state politics
Claudio (2014)
However, he forewarned that some might object
against his framework for the following reasons
• Some inequalities cannot be explained by state
politics
• Not all colonial territories are states
• Globalization challenges "geographically bound
conceptions of poverty and
inequality"
The Rise of the Global South:
Latin America
Experience
• Latin America can be construed geographically as a
group of countries in South America which share the
same language and culture. These socio-cultural
characteristics are linked with their common
colonizers, Portugal and Spain.

Sawe (2018) noted that Latin America comprises 13

percent of the earth's land surface area.
The following are some of the major countries,
which are generally cordial with one another :
Country Capital Land area(km²)

Brazil Brasilia 8,515,767

Mexico Mexico City 1,972,550

Colombia Bogotá 1,141,748

Argentina Buenos Aires 2,780,400

Peru Lima 1,285,216

Economic Conditions in
the Latin Americas
There are two major organization in
the Latin Americas:
• Pacific Alliance
• Mercosur
 Alianza de Pacifico
• The Pacific Alliance is an initiative of regional integration
comprised by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, officially
established on April 28th, 2011.
• Also " Pacific Alliance"
• Founder: Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru
• Nature: Inclusive Intergeneration process
• Goals: participatory integration for free mobility in trade,
inclusive and equitable economic development, "platform of
political articulation, economic and commercial integration and
projection to the world, with emphasis on the Asia Pacific region."
 Mercosur
• The Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR for its Spanish initials) is a regional
integration process, initially established by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and
Uruguay, and subsequently joined by Venezuela and Bolivia* -the latter still
complying with the accession procedure.
• Also "The Southern Common Markets"
• Founders: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
• Subsequent members: Venezuela and Bolivia
• Nature: Regional integration process
• Goal: common space for business generation and investment opportunities
through " competitive integration of national economies into the international
market"
Morgan Stanley (2016)
- is an economist articulated that Latin America america plays a
role in the accelerating global economy in the following year. Brazil
and Argentina managed to stand up from economoc turmoil. This is
despite Mexico facing difficulties due to conflict with US policy at
that time. Economist highlighted that politics and policy choices
remain significant in determining economic growth in the area.
Lesson 14
Asian Regionalism
 Regionalism
- strengthen collective identity in a conglomerate of
nations occupying a particular geographical area or
aiming at shared goals; increase in economic exchanges
in a particular area.
Tanaka and Inoguchi (1996)
- they articulated that the post-Cold War era is characterized by
unique dynamics in international relations.

• First, countries tend to rely on global for a such as the United

Nations in resolving regional conflicts, thus, paving way for the
emergence of peacekeeping initiatives and regional trade
organizations.

• Second is the emergence of regional cooperation among

countries to achieve political and economic goals
 Regionalism
• Hernandez (1996)
-suggested that such flexibility and fluidity in regionalism is
consequential to the end of the Cold War.

• Huntington (1996)
- state that one of the consequences of the post-Cold Wag affairs
is the shift of power from the West to groups of nations with
similar cultural identity.
- he referred to these nations as "civilization" - a proposition
foundation to his "clash of civilizations" hypothesis.
Why Regionalism is a necessary phenomenon?

• First, amidst globalization, global problems remained to be

tackled in regional spheres.
• Second, the collapse of the alliances has led to regionalism and
trans-regionalism trends.
• Third, regionalism is an attempt for resilience in a world which
remains to acknowledge superpower tendencies among particular
states such as America.
• Fourth, growing insecurity within particular region require
solutions from within these regions, something which is made
complicated by blobal dynamics.
 Hettne's Faces of Regionalism and Degree of
Regionnes
Hettne (1996) argues that regionalism has two faces: The old
and new regionalism.
Old Regionalism New Regionalism
• bipolar such that it was produced in a • multipolar as it is open for multilateral
schism between opposing political alliances engagement and collaborations among
countries
• imposed by the superpowers
• spontaneous and sought voluntarily by
• secures economic security within alliances constituents

•specific to economic and political • open in as much as it is multipolar

objectives
• comprehensive and multidimensional
• focused only on national -states ( political, cultural, economic, social)

•involves non-state actors

Furthermore, Hettne(1996) suggested that regionness as a
concept has varying degrees :

• Region as a geographical unit -A region can be construed as a

place, as a physical environment. For example, we can determine
Asia as a region based on the land ang water boundaries
sorrounding it.
• Region as social system - A region can be construed as a
conglomerate of people occupying a particular space and
possessing unique dynamics of interaction. For instance, we can
determine Asia as a region based on the group of people
occupying it and the shared ancestry, language, and culture these
people have
• Region as organized cooperation - A region can be construed
as a group of nations who agree to take part and form a formal
organization. For instance, Southeast Asia is a region within
Asia, and it has been formalized through memberships in the
association of south east Asian Nations or ASEAN.
• Region as civil society - A region can be construed as a
network of cultural and social linkages among countries who
voluntarily take part in a cooperation among nations.

• Region as an acting subject -A region can be construed as a

group of nations of concerned about peace, welfare,and
prosperity of it's people.
Asian Regionalism
- Asian regionalism refers to the cooperation and
integration among Asian countries through the
establishment of regional organizations and initiatives.
Asian Regionalism
Examples of Issues in Asian Regionalism by Hernandez
(1996):
• Security challenges
• Ecological breakdown
• Demanda for human resources
• Labor Migration
• International Terrorism
• Epidemics
• Drug trafficking
 Asia
- is the largest and most populated continent in the
world. Asia has been the cradle of several ancient
civilizations, such as the Chinese and Indian civilization.
It has also been the home of influential cultural,
philosophical and religious movements.

Some oriental philosophies and religions in Asian

Countries:
• Hinduism • Judaism • Christianity
• Buddhism • Taoism
Dynamics of Asian
Regionalism
Kurida identified some factors which are influential in the growing
integration at the same time:

• Enhanced dialogue between citizens of various nations- is

facilitated by growing tourism activities in the region and the
consistent multilateral meetings among leaders of nation-states.
• Expanding intraregional trade and investments -brings forth
closer financial markets and more interdependent economies.
• Increased connectivity -is facilitated by regional infrastructure
projects and collaboration in delivering public goods.
There are various benefits perceived from the Asian
integration. Some of those discussed by ADB (2008) are
us follows.

* It harnesses the strengths of diverse economies.

* It provides platform for connecting financial markets
( reduced capital, shared risks).
* It makes the economy more resilient to global risks.
* It pools resources.
* It creates regional mechanisms for safety and security.
However, there are also challenges ( ADB, 2008):
* The need to establish compatible product standards
* The need to establish guidelines that buffer financial
contagion and ensure compatible financial
regulations.
* The need to coordinate macroeconomics policies.
* The need to manage cross-border environmental
and social policies (e.g.fair treatment of migrant
workers.)
Amitav Acharya (2010)
- a professor of International Relations, pointed out several
criticisms that people who are skeptical to Asian regional
institutions have.
Amidst challenges and criticisms, cooperations in the Asian religion
remain to exist, in principle,to serve the goals of its
members.These cooperations are as follows:
•APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)
•EAS(East Asian Summit)
•APC(East Asian Community)
•ASEAN(Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
•APT(ASEAN Plus Three)
Lesson 15
The ASEAN Integration
Definitions of Terms:
ASEAN
- ASEAN stands for " Association of Southeast Asian Nations; a regional cooperation
in the Southeast Asia

- is a group of nations in Southeast Asia that work together to promote political,

economic, and cultural growth and solidarity.

Integration
- establishment of formal processes towards collaboration for shared economic and
sociocultural goals.
In the early 1960s, there was already an emerging
organization among Philippines, Thailand, and the
Republic of Malaya in what was called the
Association of Southeast Asia( ASA).

July 31, 1961- established by Thanat

Khoman(Thailand), Felixberto Serrano
(Philippines) and Tunku Abdul Rahman (Malaya).
In 1963, another confederation was formed, convened
by then President Diosdado Macapagal.

• MAPHILINDO (Great Malaya Confederation)

- involving Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia, which
aimed to unite "nations of Malay origins."

Konfrontasi

- the farmer's policy arguing against the formation of the

Federation of Malaysia.
 The ASEAN
Thanat Khoman ( 1992)

- one of the founding fathers, articulated why SEA (Southeast Asian)

needed an organization for cooperation.

• First, the cooperation will repel new colonial powers from stepping in
after old colonizers withdrew.

• Second, it is strategic to work with neighbors, with shared interests

and identity, that with allies from distant lands.

• Third, harnessing the strengths of member states will provide an

advantage in dealing with bigger powers in potential conflicts.
The opening section of the Declension provided a situationer of SEA's geopolitical and economic affairs at the
time:

· Existence of shared problems and interests

· Need for unity and cooperation
· Shared aspirations and ideals (“peace, progress, and prosperity”)
· Shared responsibility for “economics and social responsibility”
· Presence of foreign bases as temporary and with “ concurrence from countries concerned”

The following section contains the declarations, as follow:

· Establishment of ASEAN
· An articulation of the aims and purpose of ASEAN
· A list of strategies and mechanisms to enable the achievement of the goals
· A statement of openness for membership
· An articulation of ASEAN as a collective representation of member states
What is ASEAN
Integration?
is to create a stable, prosperous, and highly
competitive economic region.
Three core elements under the competitive region
are:
• Competition policy
• Consumer Protection
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Characteristics of AEC( ASEAN Economic Community):

• Single market and production (free flow of goods, services, investment,

capital, and skilled labor; prioritizing food, agriculture, and forestry as
integration sectors)

• Competitive economic region (introduction of fair competition policy,

consumer protection, intellectual property rights, infrastructure
development, taxation, and e-commerce)

• Equitable economic outcomes (developing small and medium enterprises,

Initiative for ASEAN integration)

• Integration into the global economy (maintaining ASEAN centrality,

participation in global supply networks)
The blueprint characterized the ASEAN Community as follows:
• Empowering to people - engaging stakeholders and peoples
participation
• Inclusive - provides access to all and upholds human rights
• Sustainable - sustainably environment, landscape, climate and
economies
• Resilient - reducing vulnerabilities among marginalized sectors,
disaster resilience, and preparedness for health emergencies and
hazards.
• Dynamics - adaptive, innovative and creative
Group 1:
Barreto, Jenny Dumaguin, Richard
Rebaton , Noel Calibre, Marjohn
Santillan, Jeralden Chavez, Jerry
Silverio, Raiza Bullo, Sunshine
Romo, Lyca Mae Biona, Karen
Logronio, Angel Mercado, Jenababe
Pacinio, Jeella Feel Batiancilla, Kent Rose
Pampliga, Rexcielyn Deanon, Mark Robert
Deciembre , Eunice