The University of Jordan
Mechatronics Engineering Department
Autotronics 0908481
Dr. Osama Al-Habahbeh
Fall Semester 2022/2023
Historical Background:
1876: Nikolaus Otto developed the OTTO four-stroke
engine.
1885: First automobile was power by an OTTO cycle.
1892: Rudolf Diesel received a patent for compression
ignition engine.
1896: Henry Ford built his first car, called the
Quadricycle.
1897: The first diesel engine was built.
1899: An electric car broke 100km/h barrier.
1900: A total of 4200 cars were sold:
• 40% steam powered,
Introduction• 38% battery/electric powered,
1908: Oldsmobile produced the first large-
scale, affordable car, Curved Dash Oldsmobile.
1908: Ford used an assembly-line production
to manufacture Model T.
1910: Delco prototype of the electric starter
appeared.
1913: Ford introduced the moving conveyor belt to the
assembly line.
1928: Cadillac introduced the synchromesh gearbox.
1932: First meeting of The Society of Automotive Electrical
Engineers.
1934: First front-wheel drive was developed by Citroen.
1951: Buick and Chrysler introduced power steering.
1954: Bosch introduced fuel injection for cars.
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1961: General Motors made the first-ever car-
making robot started building car bodies at
the GM plant in Ewing, New Jersey.
1966: Toyota started Toyota Corolla, the
best-selling nameplate.
1981: BMW introduced the on-board computer.
1981: Production of ABS for commercial cars
started.
1997: Toyota Prius was launched, the best-
selling hybrid electric vehicle.
2008: Third of light vehicle sales were cut
from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford, and Nissan.
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2008: Tesla Roadster became the first
highway-capable all-electric vehicle.
2010: Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Volt, all-electric
car and plug-in hybrid correspondingly, were
launched.
2012: Tesla Model S was introduced. It was
ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric
vehicle in 2015.
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Number of microcontrollers in automobiles:
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Systems of an Automobile:
1. Chassis system: supports and encloses the vehicle.
2. Engine: gas/diesel internal combustion engine, electric motor with
battery/fuel cell, hybrid.
3. Fuel system: consists of fuel tank, pump, filters, injection system.
4. Exhaust system: exhaust manifold, engine pipe, catalytic converter,
exhaust brackets, muffler, resonator, and tail pipe.
5. Drive train: Transfers power from engine to wheels. Include clutch,
gearbox, universal joints, drive shaft, and differential arrangement.
6. Suspension system: Smoothen the ride by damping of the vibrations
that get transmitted to the chassis through the wheels.
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Systems of an Automobile:
7. Steering system: Controls the direction of the vehicle.
8. Braking system: Slows down or completely stops the vehicle.
Mechanical or electrical brake.
9. Electrical system: integrated with engine, steering, suspension,
ignition, etc. Draws power from alternator (AC) or dynamo (DC) and
stores excess in battery.
10. Accessory and safety systems: entertainment system, cruise
control, cooling/heating system.
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The Federal Highway
Administration
(FHWA)
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Passenger Car Classifications:
A passenger car is designed for carrying ten or fewer persons.
Automobiles may be classified based on their size and weight.
Size classification is based on wheelbase, the distance between
front
and rear axles.
Weight classification is based on curb weight, the weight of an
automobile with standard equipment, and a full complement of
fuel and other fluids, but with no load, persons, or property.
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For a size classification, passenger car may be classified as:
• Small cars have a wheelbase of less than 2.5m,
• Midsize cars have a wheelbase of less than 2.8m and greater
than 2.5m,
• Large cars have a wheelbase of more than 2.8m.
For a weight classification, passenger car may be classified as:
• Light weight cars have a curb weight of less than 1100 kg,
• Midweight cars have a curb weight of less than 1550 kg and
more than 1150 kg,
• Heavy cars have a curb weight of more than 1600 kg.
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Cars may be classified according to their body shape as:
1. Sedan: with front and back seats that accommodates four to
six persons,
a. Four-door
b. Two-door (coupe)
2. Convertibles: have vinyl roofs that can be raised or lowered.
Some convertibles have both front and rear seats or just front
seats (sports cars).
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3. Liftback / hatchback: the rear luggage compartment is an
extension of the passenger compartment.
4. Station wagon: its roof extends straight back, can
accommodate up to nine passengers.
5. Pickups: have an open cargo area behind the driver’s
compartment.
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6. Vans: The van body design has a tall roof and a totally
enclosed large cargo or passenger area.
7. Sport utility vehicles (SUVs): they have off-road capability,
can seat up to nine adults and tow up to 6 tons.
8. Crossover vehicles: look like an SUV but are built lighter and
offer fuel efficiency. They are a combination of a station wagon
and an SUV.
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