HYBRID INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER

BATTERY CHARGERS FOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLE ONBOARD CHARGING WITH
CONFIGURABLE CHARGING PROFILE

Developed by Guided by
Balaji M - 510420105008
Elumalai A - 510420105010
Mr.R.Annadhurai
Sivaraj E - 510420105032
Yeshwanthu D - 510420105317
 INTRODUCTION
• One of the major issue in power system is the losses occurs during the
transmission and distribution of electrical power.

• As the demand increases day by day, the power generation increases and the
power loss is also increased. The major amount of power loss occurs during
transmission and distribution

• This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz
to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air
core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.

• Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary

that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could
be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
 ABSTRACT
• Inductive power transfer (IPT) technologies have gained a wide acceptance in onboard
battery charging applications due to some significant advantages over traditional plug-in
systems. An IPT battery charger is expected to provide a configurable charging profile
consisting of an initial constant current (CC) and a subsequent constant voltage (CV)
efficiently. With a wide load range during the charging process, two sets of IPT
topologies with the inherent load-independent CC and CV at the same zero-phase angle
(ZPA) frequency are commonly combined into a hybrid topology to avoid sophisticated
control schemes, while maintaining nearly unity power factor and soft switching of
power switches simultaneously. However, the load-independent CC and CV are usually
constrained by parameters of a loosely coupled transformer (LCT), making the LCT hard
to design. To solve it, this paper systematically presents a method to derive such effective
hybrid IPT converters, which starts from some existing topologies having the
configurable CC or CV output and cascades a general T network for mode transition.
Design principles with fewer mode switches and compensation components are proposed
and some available hybrid topologies regardless of the constraint of LCT parameters are
given in this paper. Control logic and sensitivities of compensation parameters to the
input impedance and the load-independent output are also discussed. Finally, a 1 kW
hybrid IPT battery charger prototype based on LCC-LCC and LCC-S topologies is built
to verify the theoretical analysis.
•
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

•  TRANSFORMER
•
•  TRANSMITTER
•
•  RECEIVER
•
•  RECTIFIER
•
•  VOLTAGE REGULATOR
•
•  DC FAN
 TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
Transmitter: TLP-434A
• The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a range of approximately 400 foot
(open area) outdoors. Indoors, the range is approximately 200 foot, and will go through most
walls.....
• The TLP-434A transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs can operate from 1.5 to 12
Volts-DC, and makes building a miniature hand-held RF transmitter very easy. The TLP-434A
is approximately the size of a standard postage stamp.
RF Receiver: RLP 434A
• The receiver also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV. The RLP-434A receiver
operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both linear and digital outputs.
• These modules operate on 433.92, 418 or 315 MHz. same as the standard TLP & RLP 434
modules but they have made significant changes in the size of the unit. They are SAW based
and offer about 100 meters range in Line-of-Sight operating form 2-12 volts. The new version
has a data rate of 4.8KB/s, over doubles the speed of the previous version and still provides
16DBm of output power off under 20mA of current. The module uses ASK as the form of
modulation and has both digital and analogue outputs.
• The size and simplicity of these units make them a professional and economical solution for
many wireless applications. Is full compatible with the older version of the RLP433 for the
advantage of people with existing units however we would recommend their use with the
New RLP433 (A) Module as they will provide better stability due to the inbuilt SAW resonator
as opposed to an LC type
 DC-TO-DC CONVERTER
1. A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit which converts a source of direct current (DC)
from one voltage level to another. It is a class of power converter.
2. DC to DC converters are important in portable electronic devices such as cellular
phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily.
Such electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level
requirement different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes
higher or lower than the supply voltage). Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its
stored energy is drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a method to increase voltage
from a partially lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using multiple
batteries to accomplish the same thing.
3. Most DC to DC converters also regulate the output voltage. Some exceptions include high-
efficiency LED power sources, which are a kind of DC to DC converter that regulates the
current through the LEDs, and simple charge pumps which double or triple the output
voltage.
4. DC to DC converters developed to maximize the energy harvest for photovoltaic
systems and for wind turbines are called power optimizers.
 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING
• A battery’s capacity is the amount of electric charge it can store. The more electrolyte and electrode
material there is in the cell the greater the capacity of the cell. A small cell has less capacity than a larger
cell with the same chemistry, and they develop the same open-circuit voltage.
•
• Because of the chemical reactions within the cells, the capacity of a battery depends on the discharge
conditions such as the magnitude of the current (which may vary with time), the allowable terminal
voltage of the battery, temperature, and other factors. The available capacity of a battery depends upon
the rate at which it is discharged. If a battery is discharged at a relatively high rate, the available capacity
will be lower than expected.
•
• The capacity printed on a battery is usually the product of 20 hours multiplied by the constant current that
a new battery can supply for 20 hours at 68 F° (20 C°), down to a specified terminal voltage per cell. A
battery rated at 100 A·h will deliver 5 A over a 20-hour period at room temperature. However, if
discharged at 50 A, it will have a lower capacity.
•
• The relationship between current, discharge time, and capacity for a lead acid battery is approximated
(over a certain range of current values) by Peukert’s law:
• where
• is the capacity when discharged at a rate of 1 amp.
• is the current drawn from battery (A).
• is the amount of time (in hours) that a battery can sustain, is a constant around
• For low values of I internal self-discharge must be included.
 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Single-phase rectifiers
Half-wave rectification
In half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative
half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the
input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification
requires a single diode in a single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply.
Rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current; half-wave rectifiers produce
far more ripple than full-wave rectifiers, and much more filtering is needed to eliminate
harmonics of the AC frequency from the output.
 Full-wave rectification
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input
waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at
its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of
the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields
a higher average output voltage. Two diodes and a center
tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge
configuration and any AC source (including a transformer
without center tap), are needed.[3] Single semiconductor
diodes, double diodes with common cathode or common
anode, and four-diode bridges, are manufactured as single
components.
Full-wave rectification
 RECTIFIER DIODE IN4007
• In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with
asymmetric conductance; it has low (ideally zero)resistance to current in
one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece
of semiconductor material with a p–n junction connected to two electrical
terminals. A vacuum tube diode has two electrodes, a plate (anode) and
a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were the first semiconductor
electronic devices. The discovery of crystals' rectifying abilities was made by
German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes,
called cat's whisker diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral
crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes are made of silicon, but other
semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are sometimes used.
 BATTERY
• In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the
invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by Alessandro
Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniell cell in 1836,
batteries have become a common power source for many household and
industrial applications. According to a 2005 estimate, the worldwide battery
industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth.
• There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries),
which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary
batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are designed to be recharged and
used multiple times. Batteries come in many sizes, from miniature cells used
to power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms
that provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data
centers.
Operation output
 ADVANTAGES

1. Elimination of cords on the ground that

make tripping hazards.
2. Allows no wire installation and mobility
on table
3. A necessary step towards consumer
wireless power.
 REFERENCES
• [1] Nguyen, H. V., To, D.-D., & Lee, D.-C. (2018). Onboard Battery Chargers for Plug-in Electric
Vehicles with Dual Functional Circuit for Low-Voltage Battery Charging and Active Power
Decoupling. IEEE Access, 1–1. doi:10.1109/access.2018.2876645
• [2] Nguyen, H. V., & Lee, D.-C. (2018). Single-phase multifunctional onboard battery
chargers with active power decoupling capability. 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition (APEC). doi:10.1109/apec.2018.8341597
• [3] Ye, J., Shi, C., & Khaligh, A. (2018). Single-Phase Charging Operation of a Three-Phase
Integrated Onboard Charger for Electric Vehicles. 2018 IEEE Transportation Electrification
Conference and Expo (ITEC). doi:10.1109/itec.2018.8450212
• [4] Shi, C., Tang, Y., & Khaligh, A. (2017). A Single-Phase Integrated Onboard Battery Charger
Using Propulsion System for Plug-in Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology, 66(12), 10899–10910. doi:10.1109/tvt.2017.2729345
• [5] Nguyen, H. V., & Lee, D.-C. (2019). An Improved LowVoltage Charging Circuit for Single-
Phase Onboard Battery Chargers. 2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition (APEC). doi:10.1109/apec.2019.8722073
• [6] Chinmaya, K. A., & Singh, G. K. (2018). A Multifunctional Integrated Onboard Battery
Charger for Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs). 2018 IEEE 18th International
THANK YOU