BASIC
PRESENTATION
GROUP MEMBERS :-
• ROHIT KUMAR SINGH
• PRASHANT KUMAR
• SAMINA PARVEEN
• PRIYAMVADA
NARRATION
Narration is the way to report
what someone has said.
Types of narration
• Direct speech
• Indirect speech
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Direct speech :- the exact word spoken by the speaker are
quoted using quotation marks.
example: He said to me, “I respect you.”
Indirect speech :- In this case we don’t express the exact
words of the speaker but we take the sense of the statement
of the speaker, and we express that statement in our own
words.
example: He said to me that he respect me.
CONVERSION FROM DIRECT TO INDIRECT
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• Change in structure
• Change in connector
• Change in pronoun
• Change in reported verbs
• Change in tense
• Change in certain words
Reported verb reported speech
past change in tense
CHANGE IN TENSE 7
Simple present => simple past
Example:- direct- he said, “I am unwell”.
indirect- he said that he was unwell.
Present continuous => past continuous
Example:- direct- he said, “my father is reading a book”.
indirect- he said that his father was reading a book.
Present perfect => past perfect
Example:- direct- he said, “I have passes the examination”.
indirect- he said that he had passed the examination.
Present perfect continuous => past perfect
continuous
Example:- direct- mohan said, “I have been working hard since
July”.
indirect- mohan said that he had been working hard since
July.
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Simple past => past perfect
Example:- direct- ram said, “he visited delhi”.
indirect- ram said that he had visited delhi.
Past continuous => past perfect continuous
Example:- direct- he said, “my brother was working in a factory”.
indirect- he said that his brother had been working in a
factory.
Past perfect => no change
Example:- direct- he said, “he had finished the work”.
indirect- he said that he had finished the work.
Past perfect continuous => no change
Example:- direct- she said, “she had been singing a song”.
indirect- she said that she had been singing a song.
• In future tense will and shall of the future tense are changed
into would and should. 9
Examples:- 1.direct- he said, “ram will go to the market”.
indirect- he said that ram would go to the market.
2.direct- he said, “I shall definitely do this work”.
indirect- he said he should definetly do this work.
• Similarly may changed into might and can is changed into
could.
Examples:- 1.direct- he said, “I can do this work”.
indirect- he said that he could do this work
2.direct- the teacher said, “he may be allowed to
go”.
indirect- the teacher said that he might be
allowed to go.
Note:- in universal truth, proved, fact there is no 10
change of tense.
Example:- direct- he said, “the sun rises in the
east”.
indirect- he said that the sun rises in
the east.
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CHANGE IN PRONOUN
• 1st person => I, we
Change
• 2 nd
person => you
• 1st person =>
• 3rd person => they, she, he, it, they subject
All pronouns (I, we, you, she, he, they) used in the
reported speech are changed according to the following • 2nd person => object
rule.
• 3rd person => no
1. Every 1st person pronoun used in the reported change
speech changed according to the person of the
subject of the reported speech.
2. Every 2nd person in the reported in the reported
speech is changed according to the person of the
object of the following.
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Examples:- direct- mohan said to you, “you are not doing your work seriously”.
indirect- mohan told you that you were not doing your work seriously.
direct- Ramesh said to me, “you are not doing your work”.
indirect- Ramesh told me that I was not doing my work.
direct- he said to ram, “sita should allow her to complete work”.
indirect- he told ram that sita should allow to complete work.
CHANGE IN CERTAIN WORDS
direct indirect
This That
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The last day
Tomorrow The next day
these those
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TYPES OF SENTENCES
• Assertive
• Interrogative
• Optative
• Exaclamtory
ASSERTIVE 15
• Affirmative
• Negative
Change:-
Said to => told
Say to => tell
Will say to => will tell
To is compulsory
Connector => that
Example:- direct- he said, “he is going home”.
indirect- he said that he was going
home.
INTERROGATIVE 16
Questions
yes/no words
Is why
Are what
Do when
Can how
Does
no connector
If / whether
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example:- 1.direct- he said, “is he a doctor”.
indirect- he asked whether he was a doctor.
2. direct- he said sita, “how have you done it”.
indirect- he asked sita how she had done it.
# indirect speech is always a statement.
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IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
• Advice
• Request
• Order
• Proposal
Connector => TO
Example:- direct- he said to me, “please give me a book”.
indirect- he requested me to give a book.
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OPTATIVE
• blessings / curse
Connector => that / no connector
Example:- direct- he said to me, “may god you you”.
indirect- he blessed me that god might help me.
EXCLAMATORY 20
• Emotions – sorrow, happiness, sadness
Examples:- direct- he said, “what a lovely voice she
has”.
indirect- he exclaimed with amazement that
she had a lovely voice.
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THANK YOU
