1.

Software Testing:
Definition:
• Software testing is a process of evaluating the functionality of a software application to find any software bugs. It checks whether the developed software met the specified
requirements and identifies any defect in the software in order to produce a quality product.
• it about Ensuring Quality and Minimizing Risks
• Testing is intended to show that a program does what it is intended to do and to discover program defects before it is put into use.
• It involves executing a program or system with the intent of finding errors, verifying that it meets specified requirements, and ensuring its overall quality.

Importance
 The importance of software testing can be summarized as follows:

• Quality Assurance: Ensures that the software meets the required quality standards.

• Bug Detection: Identifies and fixes potential errors or defects.

• User Satisfaction: Ensures that the software functions as intended, leading to improved user satisfaction.

• Cost-Efficient: Detecting and fixing errors early in the development process saves time and money in the long run.

• Security: Helps in identifying vulnerabilities and security breaches.

• Reliability: Ensures the software can perform under given conditions without failure.
 2, Differences in software testing methods
Each software testing approach has its own advantage and disadvantage,some of them are stated below,

A. Static Testing vs Dynamic Testing

• Static Testing: Involves reviewing the software’s code, requirements, and design documents to identify errors. It’s performed without executing the
program.
 it is done before code execution.
 It involves reviewing and evaluating software artifacts such as requirements, design documents, and code.
 The goal is to identify defects and potential issues early in the development process.

• Dynamic Testing: Involves testing the software by executing it. It checks the software’s behavior during runtime.
 It focuses on validating the functionality and performance of the software by providing inputs and evaluating outputs.

B. Black Box Testing vs White Box Testing

• Black Box Testing: Tests the functionality of the software without knowing its internal code structure. It’s based on input and output.

• White Box Testing: Tests the internal workings of an application. It requires knowledge of the internal code structure.

C. Functional Testing vs Non-Functional Testing

• Functional Testing: Verifies that each function of the software application operates as per the requirement specification. It’s based on the business
• requirements.
3, what are some levels of software testing
1. Unit Testing
• Focuses on the smallest testable parts of the software, typically individual functions or methods.
• Ensures that each component works correctly in isolation.
• it is typically performed by developers and focuses on validating the behavior of each unit and catching defects early in the development process.
• It helps in ensuring that individual units work as expected before they are integrated into larger components or systems.

2. Integration Testing
• Tests the interaction between different software units.
• Identifies issues with data exchange and communication between components.
• It aims to identify defects that may arise due to the integration of various modules or subsystems.
• Integration testing can be performed at different levels, such as module-level integration, where individual units are combined and tested, or system-level
integration, where multiple modules or subsystems are integrated and tested as a whole.
• The goal of integration testing is to ensure that the integrated components work together seamlessly and fulfill the intended functionality.

3. System Testing
• Tests the entire system as a whole to validate that it meets the specified requirements.
• Ensures all components work together as expected in a fully integrated environment.
• It verifies the behavior of the system as a whole by testing the interactions between different subsystems or modules.

4. Acceptance Testing

• Validates the system against business requirements.

• Ensures the system is ready for delivery and use by the end-user.
 4.Regression vs Retesting
Regression Testing:

• It is a type of software testing that ensures that previously developed and tested software still performs the same way after it is changed or interfaced with
other software.
• The purpose is to ensure that changes such as those mentioned above have not introduced new faults.
• It is executed after enhancements or defect fixes in the software or its environment.
• It aims to ensure that changes and updates do not impact the existing system behavior.

Retesting:

• It involves testing a specific bug after it has been fixed.

• The purpose is to confirm that the original defect has been successfully removed and it won’t affect the functionalities.
• It is planned testing that is performed after the defects are fixed.
• Key Difference:

• Regression Testing is performed to check if a recent program or code change has not adversely affected existing features.
• Retesting is done to check the test cases that failed in the final execution are passing after the defects against those failures are fixed.
 5.what is project management
A. Definition:

• Software Project Management is the process of planning, organizing, and managing resources to successfully complete software development goals and
objectives.
• B. Importance:

• Ensures projects are completed on time and within budget.

• Helps in managing risks and dealing with potential challenges.
• Ensures quality standards are met.
• Facilitates communication and coordination among team members.
• C. Fundamental Activities:

• Planning: Define project scope, objectives, and deliverers.

• Organizing: Allocate resources and set up team structures.
• Execution: Implement project plans and monitor progress.
• Control: Manage changes, risks, and issues.
• Closure: Complete the project, review lessons learned, and handover deliverable s.
• Conclusion: Software Project Management is crucial for delivering successful software projects, ensuring efficient use of resources, and meeting
stakeholder expectations
6.skills and responsibilities of project manager
• Title: Software Project Manager: Responsibilities and Skills**

• A. Responsibilities:
• - Project Planning: Define objectives, scope, deliverable, and create a road-map.
• - Resource Management: Allocate and manage resources effectively.
• -Team Management: Lead and manage the project team.
• - Risk Management: Identify and manage potential risks.
• - Project Monitoring and Control: Track project progress and ensure it stays on schedule and within budget.
• - Stakeholder Management: Manage stakeholder expectations and keep them informed and engaged.
• - Quality Assurance: Ensure the software deliverers meet defined quality standards.

• B. Skills:
• - Leadership: Guide and motivate the team, driving project success.
• -Communication: Effectively convey project requirements and manage expectations.
• - Planning and Organization: Excel in planning and managing project plans and resources.
• - Risk Management: Proficient in identifying and mitigating project risks.
• -echnical Knowledge: Understand software development processes and best practices.
• - Problem Solving: Analyze complex situations and identify potential solutions.
• -Team Management: Lead a diverse project team, fostering collaboration.
• - Adaptability: Adjust plans and guide the team through changes and challenges.
• -Stakeholder Managemen: Build relationships and ensure stakeholder satisfaction.
7.core activities related to project management
• A. Project Planning & SPMP Document
• - Project Planning: Involves defining project objectives, scope, deliverable, and creating a road-map for the project. It includes identifying tasks, estimating
effort and resources, establishing timelines, and defining project milestones.
• -SPMP Document: A comprehensive document that outlines the approach, processes, and guidelines for managing the software project. It provides a
framework for project execution and serves as a reference for all project stakeholders.

• B. Project Scheduling:
• - Involves creating a timeline and sequence of activities that need to be performed to complete the project. It helps in allocating resources, estimating
project duration, and identifying dependencies between tasks.

• C. Staffing and Team Organization:

• - Involves assembling the right team members with the necessary skills and expertise to execute the software project successfully. It includes resource
planning, recruitment and selection, team formation, team development, communication and collaboration, team motivation, and performance
management.

• Conclusion: Each of these aspects plays a crucial role in ensuring the successful execution and delivery of a software project.
8 what about Resource management
• A. Definition:
• - Resource estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of time, effort, and cost required to complete a software project successfully.

• B. Fundamental Resources:
• - Human Resources: The number of personnel and their skills required for the project.
• - Equipment and Infrastructure The hardware, software, and facilities needed.
• - Time: The duration required to complete each task and the overall project.
• -Budget: The financial resources required to carry out the project.

• C. Common Estimation Techniques:

• - Expert Judgment: Leveraging the experience and knowledge of experts who have worked on similar projects in the past.
• -Parametric Estimation: Using statistical modeling and historical data to predict the amount of resources required.

• Conclusion: Resource estimation is a critical aspect of project management, ensuring that projects are completed on time, within budget, and meet their
objectives.
9.Risks associated with software dev’t projects
A. Software Project Risks
• - Requirements Changes Changes in scope can lead to delays and increased costs.
• - Technical Challenges: Complex technologies can pose risks to project timelines.
• - Resource Constraints: Inadequate resources can hinder project progress.
• - Team Collaboration Issues: Poor communication can affect productivity and outcomes.
• - Quality Assurance: Insufficient testing can result in software defects.
• - Security Risks: Risks related to data breaches or non-compliance with regulations.

B. Risk Management Process:

• - Risk Identification: Systematically identifying potential risks that could impact the project.
• - Risk Analysis and Prioritization: Assessing the probability and impact of each risk, and prioritizing them based on their significance.
• - Risk Planning: Developing strategies and contingency plans to address identified risks.
• -Risk Monitoring: Tracking identified risks, assessing their status, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk response strategies.

• Conclusion: Identifying, analyzing, planning for, and monitoring risks are crucial steps in managing risks in software projects.
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