THE
NANO
BY:
WORLD
JOHN MICHAEL PEÑAS
JEAN DUYAG
VANESA FAYE LAURA
FRONDA
KRISSA IMAN
TOM PEREGRINO
INTRODUCTION
Scientifi c researchers have developed new technological
tools that greatly improve diff erent aspects of our lives.
The use of nanoscale is one important interdisciplinary
area generated by advancement in science and
technology. Scientists and engineers were able to build
materials with innovative properties as they manipulate
nanomaterials.
Nanotechnology refers to the science, engineering, and
technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about
1'to 100 nanometers (NNI, 2017). Nanoscience and
nanotechnology employs the study and application of
exceptionally small things in other areas of science
including materials science, engineering, physics,
How Small is a Nanoscale?
Manipulation of nanomaterials
needs an adept understanding of
their types and dimensions. The
various types of nanomaterials
are classifi ed according to their
individual shapes and sizes. They
may be particles, tubes, wires,
fi lms, fl akes, or shells that have
one or more nanometer sized
dimensions. One should be able
to view and manipulate them so
How to View
Nanomaterials
Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minute
nanomaterials. During the early 1930s, scientists used electron
microscopes and fi eld microscopes to look at the nanoscale.
1. Electron 2. Atomic force 3. Scanning
microscope microscope (AFM) tunneling
microscope
German engineers Ernst It was first developed by
Ruska and Max Knoll Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, This special type of
built the first electron and Christoph Gerber in microscope enables
microscope during the 1986. It makes use of a scientists to view and
1930s. This type of mechanical probe that manipulate nanoscale
microscope utilizes a gathers information from particles, atoms, and
particle beam of the surface of a material. small molecules. In 1986,
electrons to light up, a Gerd Binig and Heinrich
specimen and develop a Rohrer won the Nobel
well-magnified image. Prize in Physics because
of this invention.
Nanomanufactu
ring reliable, and cost-eff ective manufacturing
It refers to scaled-up,
of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also
involves research, improvement, and incorporation of processes
for the construction of materials. Nanomanufacturing leads to
the development of new products and improved materials.
1. Bottom-up fabrication 2. Top-down fabrication
It manufactures products by building It trims down large pieces of
them up from atomic and molecular- materials into nanoscale. This
scale components. However, this process needs larger amounts
method can be time-consuming. of materials and discards
Scientists and engineers are still in excess raw materials.
search for effective ways of putting up
together molecular components that
self-assemble and from the bottom-up
to organized structures.
There are new approaches to the assembly of
nanomaterials based from the application of principles in
top-down and bottom-up fabrication. These include:
• Dip pen lithography
It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped"
into a chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a surface, like an old-
fashioned ink pen onto paper.
• Self-assembly
It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together to mold
an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction.
• Chemical vapor deposition
It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form very pure,
high-performance films.
• Nanoimprint lithography
It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or
"printing" them onto a surface.
• Molecular beam epitaxy
It is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films.
• Roll-to-roll processing
It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll
of ultrathin plastic or metal.
• Atomic layer epitaxy
It is a means for laying down one-mom-thick layers on a surface.
With the use of these techniques, nanomaterials
are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-
repellent, ultraviolet or infrared- resistant,
scratch-resistant, electrically conductive,
antirefl ective, antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning,
among others.
It is not impossible that in the near future,
computers that are better, more effi cient, with
larger storage of memory, faster, and energy -
saving will be developed. Moreover,
nanotechnology has the potential to construct
high-effi ciency, low-cost batteries and solar cells.
fi gure 12A product of nanomanufacturing: A 16 gauge
wire, approximately 1.3 millimeters in diameter,
made from carbon nanotubes that were spun into
thread and the same wire on a 150 ply spool.
(Source: Nanocomp).
DISTINCT FEATURES OF
NANOSCALE
Nanotechnology involves operating at a very small
dimension and it allows scientists to make use of the
exceptional optical, chemical, physical, mechanical, and
biological qualities of materials of that small scale (NN1,
2017). The following are distinct features of nanoscale:
1. SCALE AT WHICH MUCH BIOLOGY OCCURS
Various activities of the cells take place at the nanoscale. The
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as the genetic material of the cell
and is only about 2 nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, the
hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues throughout the body
is 5.5 nanometers in diameter.
2. Scale at which quantum effects dominate properties of
materials.
Particles with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers have properties that are
significantly discrete from particles of bigger dimensions. Quantum effects
direct the behavior and properties of particles in this size scale. The
properties of materials are highly dependent on their size. Among the
essential properties of nanoscale that change as a function of size include
chemical reactivity, fluorescence, magnetic permeability, melting point, and
electrical conductivity.
3. Nanoscale materials have far larger surface areas than similat
masses of larger-scale materials.
If I cubic centimeter is filled with micrometer-sized cubes a trillion (1012) of
them, each with a surface area of 6 square micrometers the total surface
area amounts to 6 square meters, or about the area of the main bathroom in
an average house. When that single cubic centimeter of volume is filled with
Figure 13. The Eff ect of the Increased
Surface Area Provided by
Nanostructured Materials
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
1. U.S. National (DAYRIT,
Nanotechnology 2005)
Initiative
• The best-known and most-funded program is the National
Nanotechnology Initiative of the United States. The NNI
was established in 2001 to coordinate U.S. federal
nanotechnology R&D. The NNI budget in 2008 and 2009
were $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively.
2. Europcar Commission
• In February 2008, the EC offi cially launched the European
Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC).
3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the
National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, AIST)
4. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program
5. India (Nanotechnology Research and Education
Foundation)
6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and
Technology)
7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology
Initiative)
8. Australia (Australian Offi ce of Nanotechnology)
9. Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology
or NINT)
10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology
Initiative)
11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or
NANOTEC)
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
(DAYRIT, 2005)
1. ICT and semiconductors 4. Food and
agriculture
2. Health and medicine 5.
Environment
NANOTECH
3. Energy ROADMAP
FOR THE PHILIPPINES
(FUNDED BY PCAS- TRD-DOST)
1. ICT and semiconductors 5. Agriculture and food
2. Health and biomedical 6. Health and
environmental risk
3. Energy 7. Nano-metrology
4. Environment 8. Education and public
BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF USING
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology has various applications in diff erent sectors of
the society and environment. Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005)
proposed an initiative called "Addressing Global Challenges Using
Nanotechnology" to accelerate the use of nanotechnology to
address critical sustainable development challenges. However,
there are concerns that need to be addressed before using and
promoting materials derived from nanotechnology (Dayrit, 2005).
1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become
pervasive.
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specifi c
properties.
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new effi ciencies and paradigms
which may make some natural resources and current practices
Example of
Areas Affected
Possible
by Concerns
Benefits
Nanotechnolog
y
• High reactivity and
• Improved detection toxicity
and removal of • Pervasive
contaminants distribution in the
• Development of environment
Environment benign industrial • No nano-specific EPA
processes and regulation
materials
• Ability to cross cell
membranes and
• Improved translocate in the body
Health • No FDA approval
medicine
needed for cosmetics
or supplements
• Redistribution of
wealth Potential cost of
• Better
cleanups and
Economy products
healthcare
• New jobs • Accessibility to all
income levels
SOCIAL AND ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH ON NANCTECHNOLOGY
1. Who will benefi t from it? On the other hand, who
won't?
2. For whom and what are your objectives for
developing your product?
3. How will it aff ect social, economic, and political
relationships?
4. What problem is your "product" trying to solve?
5. Who will have access to it? Who will be excluded?
6. Are there dangers involved with its development
(e.g., safety, health, pollution)? How can you minimize
them?
THANK
YOU
VERY
MUCH!
