Anatomy and Physiology

Dr. Charles Kimura, M.KKK

 Penilaia
n
Komunikasi
Anatomy
• Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang
bentuk dan susunan tubuh.
Physiology
• Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang
fungsi (faal) dan cara kerja dari
tiap-tiap organ dan jaringan tubuh
Anatomical
Landmarks
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Body Systems
The Integumentary System
• The organs of the integumentary system
include the skin and its accessory structures
including
• Hair,
• Nails
• Glands
• Blood Vessels
• Muscles
• Nerves.
the Skin
Function of skin
• Maintains the body’s
integrity
• Maintains temperature
• Converts inactive vitamin D
to its active form
• Provides sensory
information
• Maintains homeostasis
Exocrine Glands of the
Skin
• Sweat (sudoriferous) glands produce a watery
solution that performs several specific functions.
• merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands; cooling and
excretory function
• apocrine sweat glands; produce odors in pubic
and axillary regions may have had a
communication function in our ancestors
• Sebaceous glands produce an oily material that
coats hair shafts and the epidermal surface
preventing drying.
 Musculoskeletal
System
• Muscle tissue makes up nearly half the
body mass.
• The most distinguishing functional
characteristic of muscles is their ability to
transform chemical energy ATP into
directed mechanical energy
• The three types of muscle tissue are
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
• These types differ in structure, location,
function, and means of activation
Skeletal muscle functions
• Produce skeletal movement
• Maintain posture and body position
• Support soft tissues
• Guard entrances and exits
• Maintain body temperature
Overview of the Major Skeletal
Muscles
Muscles of Facial Expression
Muscles of the
Vertebral
Column
 Oblique and
Rectus Muscles
and the
Diaphragm
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Muscles that
Move the
Forearm and
Hand
Muscles that Move
the Forearm and
Hand
Muscles that Move
the Leg
Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
 The skeletal system
• The skeletal system has 6 important functions
• Provides support
• Protects the internal organs (brain, heart, etc.)
• Assists body movements (in conjunction with muscles)
• Stores and releases salts of calcium and phosphorus
• Participates in blood cell production (hemopoiesis)
• Stores triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
 The skeletal system
The human skeleton consists of 206 named
bones grouped into two principal divisions

Axial Appendicular skeleton

(126 bones)
skeleton
(80 bones)
 The
Axial
Skeleton
Cranial And Facial Subdivisions Of The
Skull
the Skull
the Skull
ColumnVertebral
• The vertebral column is also known as the spinal column,
backbone and spine.
• It is made up of 26 vertebrae divided into 5 regions.
• The lower regions, the sacrum (made up of 5 fused vertebrae)
and the coccyx (made up of 4 fused vertebrae) are not individual
bones as are the other 24 vertebrae.
• The column protects the spinal cord
Sacrum and Coccyx
Bony Thorax Thoracic Cage)
The thoracic cage is composed of the thoracic
vertebrae dorsally, the ribs laterally, and the
sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
• Functions
• Forms a protective cage around the
heart, lungs, and great blood vessels
• Supports the shoulder girdles and upper
limbs
• Provides attachment for many neck,
back, chest, and shoulder muscles
• Uses intercostal muscles to lift and
depress the thorax during breathing
Appendicul
ar Skeleton
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Upper
Limb
(Extremity)
 Upper
Limb
(Extremity)
Hand
Skeleton of the hand contains
wrist bones (carpals), bones of
the palm (metacarpals), and
bones of the fingers
(phalanges)
Pelvic Girdle (Hip)
• The hip is formed by a pair of hip bones
(os coxae, or coxal)
• Together with the sacrum and the coccyx,
these bones form the bony pelvis
• The pelvis
• Attaches the lower limbs to the axial
skeleton with the strongest ligaments
of the body
• Transmits weight of the upper body
to the lower limbs
• Supports the visceral organs of the
pelvis
Ilium
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvic Structure

The pelvis is divided into a superior and an inferior portion by the pelvic
brim which is where the abdomen meets the pelvic cavity.
 Lower
Limb
(Extremity)
Tarsals,
Metatarsals
, and
Phalanges
 Arches of the Foot
•Function
• Distribute body weight over foot
• Yield & spring back when weight is lifted
• Longitudinal arches along each side of foot
• Transverse arch across midfoot region
• Navicular, cuneiforms & bases of
metatarsals
A Functional Classification of Synovial
Joints
Nervous System
• Nervous system
• Provides swift, brief responses to stimuli
• Endocrine system
• Adjusts metabolic operations and
directs long-term changes
• Nervous system includes
• All the neural tissue of the body
• Basic unit = neuron
Function
s of the
Nervous
System
Functional
Overview of
the Nervous
System
Peripheral
Nerves and
Nerve
Plexus
Peripheral Nerves and Nerve Plexus
The Brachial
Plexus
The Lumbal and Sacral
Plexus
The Lumbal and
Sacral Plexus
Dermatomes
Certain segments of the skin is supplied by spinal
nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses
to the brain
The Cerebral Hemispheres
Brain Lobes
An Introduction to Brain
Functions
 Endocrine
Endocrine versus Nervous systemSystem
• Nervous system performs short term crisis management
• Endocrine system regulates long term ongoing metabolic
• Endocrine communication is carried out by endocrine cells
releasing hormones
• Alter metabolic activities of tissues and organs
• Target cells
• Paracrine communication involves chemical messengers
between cells within one tissue

Endocrine system
• Includes all cells and endocrine tissues that produce
hormones or paracrine factors
Hormon
e
The
Cardiovascular
System

• Pulmonary circuit
• blood to and from the lungs
• System circuit
• blood to and from the rest of the body
• Vessels carry the blood through the circuits
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood to the heart
• Capillaries permit exchange
 The Heart
The Location of the
Heart in the Thoracic
Cavity
The Superficial Anatomy of the
Heart
Blood Vessels and Circulation
e Function of Valves in the Venous Syst
Veins • Collect blood from all tissues and organs and return it to
the heart
• Are classified according to size
• Venules
• Medium-sized veins
• Large veins

Venous Valves
• Venules and medium-sized veins contain valves
• Prevent backflow of blood
An overview of the Major Systemic Arteries Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb
Arteries of the Head and Neck Arteries of the Brain
An overview of the
Major Systemic
Arteries
An Overview of the
Major Systemic
Veins
 Darah dan
Komponennya
 The Lymphatic
System
• The lymphatic system
• Contains cells, tissues, and organs responsible
for defending the body
• Lymphocytes resist infection and disease by
responding to
• Invading pathogens such as bacteria or viruses
• Abnormal body cells such as cancer cells
• Foreign proteins such as toxins
Respiratory System
Functions of the respiratory system
• Gas exchange between air and circulating blood
• Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs
• Protection of respiratory surfaces
• Production of sound
• Provision for olfactory sensations
• Conducting passageways carrying air to and from the
alveoli
• Upper respiratory passages filter and humidify
incoming air
• Lower passageways include delicate conduction
passages and alveolar exchange surfaces
The Upper Respiratory
System
The Gross Anatomy of the
Lungs
The Anatomy of the
Trachea
The Bronchi and Lobules of
the Lung
 The
Respiratory
Muscles
The Digestive
System
The Pancreas
• Endocrine functions
• Insulin and glucagons
• Exocrine functions
• Majority of pancreatic secretions
• Pancreatic juice secreted into
small intestine
• Carbohydrase
• Lipases
• Nucleases
• Proteolytic enzymes
 • Performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bile

The Liver • Histological organization

• Lobules containing single-cell thick plates of hepatocytes
• Lobules unite to form common hepatic duct
• Duct meets cystic duct to form common bile duct
 The
Gallbladder
The Urinary System
Functions of the urinary system
• Excretion
• The removal of organic waste products from body
fluids
• Elimination
• The discharge of waste products into the
environment
• Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma
• Regulating blood volume and pressure
• Regulating plasma ion concentrations
• Stabilizing blood pH
• Conserving nutrients
The Kidneys
The Structure of the Kidney
 Organs for the
Collection and Storage
of Urine
Reproduces
System
• Gonads (testes, ovaries)
• Ducts
• Accessory glands and organs
• External genitalia
 Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Duct system
• Epididymis
• Ductus (vas) deferens
• Urethra
• Accessory organs
• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate
• Bulbourethral glands
• External genitalia
• Penis
• Scrotum
External Genitalia of Male
Female Reproductive System
• Ovaries
• Duct System
• Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
• Uterus
• Vagina
• External genitalia
Female Reproductive System
 External Genitalia of Female

• Mons pubis
• Labia
• Clitoris
• Urethral orifice
• Vaginal orifice
• Greater vestibular glands
 Mammary
Glands
• Present in both sexes, but only function in
females
• Modified sweat glands
• Function is to produce milk
• Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly
estrogens) to increase in size
Female Mammary Glands
Fertilization